Stable liquids

HOCH2CH = CHCH2OH. Colourless stable liquid used in the manufacture of insecticides, resins and pharmaceuticals. Both cis- and rruwi-isomers are known. Prepared by hydrogenation of butynediol over a catalyst. 

For an actual determination, first place in J some stable liquid the boiling-point of which is at least 50 above that of the organic liquid the pour density of which is to be measured. This difference in boiling-point is important, because it is essential that the organic liquid, when nbsequently dropped into the bottom of T, should volatilise rapidly nd so push out an equivalent volume of air before the organic vapour can diffuse up the tube T and possibly condense in the cooler ttppcr portion of the tube. Suitable liquids for use in the jacket are ter, chlorobenzene (132°), rym-tetrachloro-ethane (147 ), P ... 

Multistrand wire, close-knit in two layers, holds stable liquid film by surface tension. Falling films of liquid form expansive contact surface with rising vapor layers. 

Petroleum contains hydrocarbons other than the open-chain alkanes considered to this point. These include cycloalkanes in which 3 to 30 CH2 groups are bonded into closed rings. The structures of the two most common hydrocarbons of this type are shown in Figure 22.5 (p. 585). Cyclopentane and cyclohexane, where the bond angles are close to the ideal tetrahedral angle of 109.5°, are stable liquids with boiling points of 49°C and 81°C, respectively. 

Reference 81 describes the use of a salt prepared from a trialkylamine or tris(hydroxyalkyl)amine and sulfonated C8-C20 a-olefins together with a sulfobetaine in a stable liquid detergent having a high content of dissolved electrolytes. These liquid detergents are useful for hair, hands, and clothing. 

Stable liquid detergents are obtained by polyacetalcarboxylate builders, ionic or nonionic surfactants, and common ingredients of detergents. If esters of phosphoric acid are used as anionic surfactants a detergent of this kind with 62% of water retained a single phase after a 30-day storage [213]. 

Fig. 10.11 Stable liquid velocity and meniscus location vs. heat flux on the micro-channel wall (L = 2 X10 m,d= m, g = 9.8 m/s ). Reprinted from Yarin et al. (2002) with permission...

The bisphosphonate - upon reduction with lithiumaluminum hydride in ether at 0°C - produced the amide functionalized primary bisphosphine (1) in good yields [45]. This reaction proceeded to reduce the amide group in 1 to produce the amine functionaUzed primary bisphosphine (2) in <5% yields. The amido bisprimary phosphine 1 is an air stable crystalline solid whereas the amine compound 2 is an oxidatively stable liquid. Separation of 1 and 2 in pure forms was achieved using coliunn chromatography. The amidic bisprimary phosphine 1 was crystallized from chloroform and exhibits remarkable stability not only in the solid state but also in solution as well. The crystal structure of the air stable primary his-phosphine 1 as shown in Fig. 1 is unprecedented to date. 

Moreover, stable liquid systems made up of nanoparticles coated with a surfactant monolayer and dispersed in an apolar medium could be employed to catalyze reactions involving both apolar substrates (solubilized in the bulk solvent) and polar and amphiphilic substrates (preferentially encapsulated within the reversed micelles or located at the surfactant palisade layer) or could be used as antiwear additives for lubricants. For example, monodisperse nickel boride catalysts were prepared in water/CTAB/hexanol microemulsions and used directly as the catalysts of styrene hydrogenation [215]. 

By the proper choice of solvent and experimental conditions (i.e., low volatility, highly stable liquids at low temperature e.g., decane, -10° C), the rates of degradation of nonaqueous liquids can be made quite slow, well below those of water. This is of considerable advantage, since one may then observe the primary sonochemistry of dissolved substrates rather than secondary reactions with solvent fragments. In general, the examination of sonochemical reactions in aqueous solutions has produced results difficult to interpret due to the complexity of the secondary reactions which so readily occur. One may hope to see the increased use of low-volatility organic liquids in future sonochemical studies. 

The thermal stability of many 1,3,2-dithiazolyl radicals is sufficiently high for them to melt without decomposition to form stable liquids. In the case of 2... 

Phase equilibrium requires that A2 = Al and hence that the integral vanish. All conditions are satisfied if the points 1 and 2 are located such that the areas A = B. This geometry defines the Maxwell construction. It shows that stable liquid and vapour states correspond to minima in free energy and that AL = Ay when the external pressure line cuts off equal areas in the loops of the Van der Waals isotherm. At this pressure that corresponds to the saturated vapour pressure, a first-order phase transition occurs. 

Novozymes supplies the proteases for liquid detergents to the detergent manufacturer as a stable liquid enzyme formulation from which typically less than 2%(w/w) is added to the liquid detergent composition. The limited solubility of boric acid thus prevents Novozymes from supplying the detergent manufacturer with a liquid enzyme formulation with a built-in boric acid stabilization system. 

By employing the method similar to that of Johnson and Douglass1 for converting SON into S02C1, fluoroethyl thiocyanate was readily converted by the action of chlorine water into 2-fluoroethylsulphonyl chloride, a stable liquid. When small animals were exposed to the vapour at a concentration of 0-5 mg./l. for 10 min., irritation and lacrimation were caused, but there were no deaths and all the animals recovered. 

Efficient technology could also be developed based on catalytic biomass pyrolysis for the conversion of biomass into clean and renewable liquid bio-oil. This would facilitate its introduction into the energy market as a renewable fuel or as source of high value chemicals. It is possible to produce stable liquid biofuels from biomass flash pyrolysis, in a single stage catalytic process, although further developments are necessary. 

While the //-dichloroboryl-pentaborane(9) obtained from KB5H8 and BC13 is stable only up to 0 °C [54], the 1-dichloroboryl isomer is a comparatively stable liquid. It is obtained from B5 H9 and BC13 in the presence of A1C13 as a catalyst in a Friedel-Crafts type reaction [55] ... 

Figure 13.7 A formulation strategy using microcalorimetry aimed at deriving stable liquid candidates.

Another area of development that could greatly improve the ability to rapidly derive stable liquid formulation candidates is the development of high-throughput... 

The ability to form three separate stable liquid phases is intriguing and peculiar. 

Janini, G.M., Muschik, G.M., andZielinski, W.L., A,A -i>w[para-butoxybenzylidene)-alpha,alpha -bi-para-toluidine—thermally stable liquid-crystal for unique gas-liquid-chromatography separations of polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons, Anal Chem., 48, 809, 1976. 

Batch inlet systems are in many ways the most convenient for gases and volatile, thermally stable liquids or solids, provided there is sufficient sample available. They consist of reservoirs, varying in volume from 20 ml to several liters, which are connected to the ion source via a molecular leak, usually a porous ceramic material, or a pinhole in thin gold foil or glass. The leak serves to reduce the pressure from 10 torr in the inlet system to torr in the ion source. Large ballast bulbs... 

Strength, brittleness, and solvent permeability properties are limited because of lack of control of the ceramic composition on a macro- and microlevel. Even small particle sizes are large compared with the molecular level. There have been a number of attempts to produce uniform ceramic powders including the sol-gel synthesis in which processing involves a stable liquid medium, coprecipitation in which two or more ions are precipitated simultaneously. More recently, Carraher and Xu have used the thermal degradation of metal containing polymers to deposit metal atoms and oxides on a molecular level. 

The typical liquid clathrate is characterized by (a) a low viscosity relative to that of a neat ionic liquid, (b) immiscibility with excess aromatic solvents, and (c) non-stoichiometric compositions. The formation of air- and water-stable liquid clath-rates has been reported for the compositions consisting of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, and xylenes) and common salts of [AMIM] cation with the anions PF, [Tf2N] , BFJ, and Cl 91). 

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