Parenteral route intradermal

The intradermal parenteral route is an injection that is given slightly below the surface of the skin where the medication is not absorbed into the bloodstream. The area of the skin is hairless, lightly pigmented, and thinly keratinized, providing a clear view of the site. The intradermal parenteral route is used to determine if there is a reaction to the medication, which is signified by a blister (wheal) on the injection site. 

When administering medication using the intradermal parenteral route ... 

Some of the dosage formulations available for protein pharmaceuticals are listed in Table 5.7. An examination of Table 5.7 reveals that no protein drug up until this time has been formulated for oral administration. Most protein drugs are administered by means of injection (parenteral administration). Parenteral administration includes intravenous, intra-arterial, intracardiac, intraspinal or intrathecal, intramuscular, intrasynovial, intracuta-neous or intradermal, subcutaneous injections, and injection directly into a dermal lesion (e.g., a wart). The parenteral route of administration requires a much higher standard of purity and sterility than oral administration. It also may require trained... 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular routes. Moderately toxic by parenteral route. Human systemic effects by intradermal route local anesthetic. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of HCl and NOx. See also EPHEDRINE. 

Parenteral Route. Parenteral vaccination remains the immunization method of choice for most antigens because it provides more effective immune response than do any other routes of vaccination in most cases. Every years millions of people receive inactivated influenza vaccine by parenteral administration. Subcutaneous vaccination with inactivated influenza vaccine is known to induce simultaneous immune responses in the blood and upper respiratory tract of subjects. The immune response, i.e., the increase in the number of influenza virus-specific antibody-secreting cells in peripheral blood and tonsils, increased rapidly to reach a peak within 1 week after vaccination.Parenteral vaccination of a DNA vaccine encoding glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus type 2 resulted in systemic cellular and humoral responses. The mucosal humoral responses generated by intramuscular and intradermal vaccination were comparable with those obtained by mucosal vaccination. The DNA vaccine was able to... 

A parenteral route is used to inject medication into the patient. There are four parenteral routes intradermal (ID), subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), and intravenous (IV). The healthcare provider determines the choice of route based on the medication, desired onset, and the patient s needs. 

The choice of which of the parenteral routes to use is determined by the prescriber based on the nature of the medication, the desired onset of the therapeutic effect, and the patient s needs. For example, the test for TB is performed by injecting the purified protein derivative intradermally, which is under the skin. Insulin is injected subcutaneously, although regular insulin can also be administered intravenous. Medications administered intravenously have a faster onset of therapeutic effect than other parenteral routes. Vaccinations, some antibiotics, and other medications are injected intramuscularly. 

Parenteral drug administration means the giving of a drug by the subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM), intravenous (IV), or intradermal route (Fig. 2-5). Other routes of parenteral administration that may be used by the primary care provider are intralesional (into a lesion), intra-arterial (into an artery), intracardiac (into the heart), and intra-articular (into a joint), hi some instances, intra-arterial dragp are administered by a nurse. However, administration is not by direct arterial injection but by means of a catheter that has been placed in an artery. 

The major routes of parenteral administration of drugs are subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous. Other more specialized routes are intrathecal, in-tracistemal, intra-arterial, intraspinal, intraepidural, and intradermal. The intradermal route is not typically used to achieve systemic drug effects. The major routes will be discussed separately. Definitions of the more specialized routes, along with additional information concerning needle sizes, volumes typically administered, formulation constraints, and types of medication administered, are summarized in Table 1. 

Fig. 1 Routes of parenteral administration. The following represent the most commonly used routes of administration for parenteral products (A) intraperitoneal (B) intravenous (C) intramuscular (D) subcutaneous and (E) intradermal.

The success of vaccination depends primarily on the method of presenting the antigen to the host immune system. Antigens have usually been delivered by parenteral (such as intravenous, intramuscular, intraperito-neal, intradermal, and subcutaneous) administration, but recent studies have shown that other routes of delivery such as intranasal, oral, and transdermal delivery have also been effective. In some cases, vaccination through mucosal routes resulted in better responses in IgA production. Because non-parenteral vaccine delivery presents many obvious advantages, numerous attempts have been made on the development of non-parenteral delivery of vaccines. 

Figure 9.17 Routes of parenteral medication, showing the tissues penetrated by intramuscular, intravenous, subcutaneous and intradermal injections the needles, with bevel up, penetrate the epidermis (cuticle) consisting of stratified epithelium with an outer horny layer, the corium (dermis or true skin) consisting of tough connective tissue, elastic fibres, lymphatic and blood vessels, and nerves, the subcutaneous tissue tela subcutanea) consisting of loose connective tissue containing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and fat-forming cells, the fascia (a thin sheet of fibrous connective tissue), and the veins, arteries and muscle.

The formulation of parenteral products involves careful consideration of the proposed route of administration and the volume of the injection. Injections are administered to the body by many routes into various layers of the skin, the subcutaneous and muscle tissue, into arteries or veins, into or around the spinal cord, or directly into various organs (e.g., the heart or the eye). The volume to be injected can range from microliters, typically diagnostic agents administered intradermally or insulin administered subcutaneously, to several liters administered intravenously as infusions. The route of administration and the volume to be injected affect the composition of the formulation. 

Most work on saponins as immunological adjuvants has been done following parenteral inoculation. Saponins are more toxic by parenteral (i.p. or i.v.) administration than by the oral route, presumably because of a more complete uptake by the former. Toxicity associated with Quil A has limited its development to veterinary vaccines. The maximum well tolerated i.p. dose in mice was estimated to be 25 ig. Significantly lower toxicity was observed by subcutaneous, intradermal, and intramuscular routes of administration. The toxicity of individual saponins varies considerably. For example, the major peak saponin QS-18 (2) was found to be toxic in mice at low doses (80% mortality within three days after i.d. injection of 125 p,g) whereas QS-7 was non toxic (100% survival with 0.5 mg, the highest dose tested). A simple analogy between hemolytic activity and toxicity is not possible since QS-21 (3), which was shown to have a slightly higher hemolytic activity than QS-18 (2), was proven to be less toxic [9]. 

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