Paper standard wording

The word standard can refer to a physical standard such as length or to a standard specification such as the paper standard. The National Measurement Office (NMO) is responsible for all aspects of the National Measuring System (NMS). In the UK all our measurement issues are looked after by tbe NMS, wblch is the nation s infrastructure of measurement laboratories delivering world-class measurement, science and technology, ft provides traceable and increasingly accurate standards of measurement for use in trade, industry, academia and government. 

The word standard can refer to a physical standard such as length or to a standard specification such as the paper standard. 

In this paper the word limitation has been used as a general term to describe any difference fi om the ideal state of the evidence. Counter-evidence is defined in Defence Standard 00-56 as evidence with the potential to undermine safety claims. As Defence Standard 00-56 requires a pro-active search for counterevidence, a limitation needs to be considered as possible counter-evidence unless or until it can be shown that the safety claims are not undermined by that limitation. Suppose for example that a test has failed, and as a result a fault has been found in the software, this limitation (in the correctness of the software) might be counter-evidence. On the other hand if the fault is in some functionality that is not safety related, then it is likely that, fi om a safety perspective, the existence of tire fault is acceptable, and so this limitation is not counter-evidence. Any member of the project who is competent in a particular process area coidd record limitations and assess their impact in relation to the scope of that process. However, counterevidence is wholly related to flie safety of the product and must be assessed by a competent safety professional. Hence it is important that limitations are accurately and transparently recorded in the evidence generated by all of flie project processes and identified in the summary process documents, so that they can be assessed by a safety engineer. 

Abstract RISKCYCLE is an artificial word which addresses the risks associated with the global recycling streams. As part of materials like waste paper, plastic, and electronics, pollutants and chemical additives are transported abroad, e.g., they are exported to emerging and developing countries. Here these pollutants/additives can cause risks for humans and the environment especially if treatment/recycling is performed on a lower technical standard. The specific risks that can occur have been studied in an international EU-funded research program, which is the basis of this publication. 

In this chapter I use the term metrological traceability to refer to the property of a measurement result that relates the result to a metrological reference. The word metrological is used to distinguish the concept from other kinds of traceability, such as the paper trail of documentation, or the physical trail of the chain of custody of a forensic sample. When the term traceable standard is used to refer to a calibration material, for example, the provenance of the material is not at issue, but the quantity value embodied in the standard. 

This paper is concerned with the definition and documentation of primary raw data, or in other words, raw data directly associated with a study. Items such as standard operating procedures, methods, personnel qualifications and training records can be considered secondary raw data. Thus, even though these items are also archived, they are not considered explicitly here. But since they are just other examples of paper and/or electronic records, the same archival methods can be used. 

In a 1980 paper titled Traceability an Evolving Concept, [12] Brian Belanger argued that for traceability to be meaningful, it needs to be coupled with the concept of measurement assurance. In other words, unless a valid uncertainty statement (encompassing estimates of both random error and possible offsets relative to national standards) accompanies a given measurement, it should not be considered traceable to national standards. 

The method has a long history. The name MOL seems to have become estabhshed around 1960. Before this, various authors either used the word line [254] or expressions like on certain lines [330] or a description of the idea. In the book by Kantorovich and Krylov [330], there is a reference to a 1934 paper [329]. It is also cited by Liskovets [366] as a source paper, along with Rothe (1930) [475], who might be the first. Hartree and Womersley [296] use, in their summary, the words approximating by use of finite intervals in one variable, and integrating exactly in the other variable . The book by Schiesser [497] is the standard work now (he calls the method NUMOL, for numerical method of hnes). Electrochemical use of MOL has been sparse. Lemos and coworkers [357, 359, 360] have investigated the method, using... 

Today, three general methods are used to ensure preservation of the written or printed word. Perhaps the most common method involves preservation of the information itself—microfilming, electrostatic reproduction, and short-run reprints. The second method aims at preserving the paper after the information has been printed on it. This could include plastic lamination, cold storage, and specific chemical treatments. The third method involves the use of permanent paper. The technology has been developed and standards have been set for paper with specific, predictable permanency properties. 

One problem with documents kept in any system is that other people given the document will need the same application to view the document. Sending a file in Microsoft Word format requires that the recipient also own a copy of Microsoft Word. Without it, the document cannot be viewed. This problem has been solved by a new standard known as Acrobat from Adobe systems. By using Acrobat, anyone wishing to publish a document uses the Acrobat software to create a version readable by the Acrobat Reader. The reader software is freely distributed, so the recipient of a document need not buy a copy of the original software. Besides being able to create documents viewable by anyone, this new standard also allows the document to be indexed. Any part of the document can also be cross-referenced to other sections. These features are especially useful in documentation, particularly in NDA submissions. Volumes of paper documents can now be stored on a single disk and instantly cross-referenced. A reviewer could have an entire NDA available on the computer screen. 

Let me digress a bit from the schedule of this contribution to come back in few words on the fact that benzene seems finally the worst standard for the study of aromaticity. What follows is more a psychological remark than a scientific one but I personaly think that it is of some interest. It is at the least curious that many papers appear to-day in the literature under the general imprint aromaticity which are concerned with very accurate ab initio calculations of the electronic structure of some benzene isomers . What is indeed the aromaticity — either in terms of ring current or with any other sense — of pris-mane It is clear from this particular remark that it becomes too much easy now to insert under the heading aromaticity any paper, on the only condition that its title contains the word benzene ... 

This Handbook aims to explain terminology widely used, and sometimes misused, in analytical chemistry. It provides much more information than the definition of each term but it does not explain how to make measurements. Additionally, it does not attempt to provide comprehensive coverage of all terms concerned with chemistry, instrumentation or analytical science. The authors have addressed primarily those terms associated with the quality assurance, validation and reliability of analytical measurements. The Handbook attempts to place each term in context and put over concepts in a way which is useful to analysts in the laboratory, to students and their teachers, and to authors of scientific papers or books. This approach is particularly important because official definitions produced by many international committees and organisations responsible for developing standards are frequently confusing. In a few cases the wording of these definitions completely obscures their meaning from anyone not already familiar with the terms. 

There are many applications and systems that can be used to design and generate the CRFs. These range from word processing and desktop publishing packages to customized systems that facilitate the maintenance and use of a library of modules/forms and enforce standards. The CRF may also be in an electronic format rather than on paper, as in the case of remote data entry systems. 

The system considered in this paper is, again in the words of Bohm [3], a molecule containing two atoms in a state in which the total spin is zero and the spin of each atom is but the restriction to a singlet state and to spin- atoms has now been removed. The molecule is dissociated by separating the nuclei to a large distance and the course of the reaction AB -t A -I- B is followed using standard quantum mechanics. In the general case, the wavefunction 1 for AB is taken to be a spin-coupled antisymmetrized product of two factors which axe exact ... 

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