Paper trail

An additional requirement not noted in Table 1 is compliance with GLP7 These practices establish a paper trail for all procedures involved in the determination of residues. With regard to immunoassays, GLPs require calibration of measurement devices such as adjustable pipettors and dedicated spectrophotometers. Computer software output, as noted above, must be verified prior to use. This process can be simplified by limiting the application of specialized software to the operation of an instrument and carrying out the residue calculations in a broadly available spreadsheet such as Excel. On a positive note, in recent years, the software accompanying most microtiter plate readers has become generally easier to use and usually incorporates internal spreadsheets that are compatible with external systems. 

If the integrity of a sample is called into question, a paper trail, or chain of custody, must be examined in order to discover errors. This chain of custody documents who had custody of the sample and what actions were performed so that the sample integrity can be verified. 

In this chapter I use the term metrological traceability to refer to the property of a measurement result that relates the result to a metrological reference. The word metrological is used to distinguish the concept from other kinds of traceability, such as the paper trail of documentation, or the physical trail of the chain of custody of a forensic sample. When the term traceable standard is used to refer to a calibration material, for example, the provenance of the material is not at issue, but the quantity value embodied in the standard. 

Principle 2 Maintain a system of records that permits a paper trail of drugs used in each animal. 

Tissue specimens ideally should be placed in the fixative immediately after their removal from the body. This problem arises in studies of human tissues, for their immediate fixation is usually not feasible. If immediate fixation is not possible, the tissue must be kept cool and moist by covering it with a piece of cloth soaked in sterile, cold saline for not more than 20-30 min. During this time the specimen should not contact any dry and absorbent object such as paper, a paper towel, or gauze. To keep the paper trail of the specimen (source, time, place of collection, etc.) is no less important. 

A paper trail for each sample is necessary to ensure the integrity of the sample. A complete paper trail includes collection details (date, sample number, type, and volume), shipping information (receipts and tracking numbers), and chain-of-custody forms. In accordance with HIPAA, personal information on the participant must be encrypted. Electronic databases are quickly replacing hard copies, and bar codes allow for quick and accurate encoding and processing of samples. 

Each chemical plant and refinery must adopt or develop a procedure tailored to fit the specific hazards, the available technical resources, the culture of the organization, and any required governmental regulations. It must be practical and workable without undue delays. Keep in mind that a modest MOC system that is regularly used and works is much better than an elaborate, sophisticated system with an impeccable paper trail that is occasionally winked at, bypassed, or sometimes totally ignored. 

If you are concerned about the quality and authenticity of your essential oils, your best guarantee is to buy from a reputable supplier whose integrity you can trust. The only way to differentiate between a conventional oil and an organic one is by the paper trail generated by inspection and validation from farmer to end product with certification by relevant bodies. 

Because oleic and linoleic safflower seeds are virtually identical in appearance, extreme care is necessary to prevent inadvertent mixing. If a positive paper trail can be established for identifying fields of linoleic and oleic safflower from time of planting until delivery to the oil mill or storage point, much more confidence is possible when the samples are taken and the seed is checked for refractive index to... 

In many cases, it is the wisest route to avoid chemical purchases when possible. The paper trail they can leave is unsettling for covert operations. Luckily for these situations, there is an easy and cheap alternative source of ethylene glycol antifreeze. 

Other plastics can also be made from PETN, and they can be made to very closely resemble C-4, but their manufacture requires the use of materials which are not readily available to the typical consumer. Since ordering these materials would leave a paper trail leading to the workshop, it is not recommended to try to duplicate C-4. The very minimal advantages are far outweighed by these other, more pressing considerations. 

Subtitle C requires the tracking of hazardous waste from cradle to grave, which refers to the requirement that hazardous waste be documented by a paper trail from the generator to final disposal. 

A paper trail needs to be in place to show that the equipment that was actually purchased meets the original design and material specifications. This paper trail can be verified as part of the Prestartup Review process. 

Collection rounds will be possible but again, each site where the waste is collected would have to be left a copy of the consignment note, so the process of tracking and the paper trail will get quite complex especially as each collection will count as a consignment from the fee point of view. 

In addition to the hardware being introduced, there has been a continual improvement in software. Before the interest in pharmaceuticals, a tightly regulated industry, software was considered a research tool. That is, programs seldom had signature slots and passwords they were tools. Now, with an eye to FDA approval, almost every instrument company and third-party software provider has provisions for security and paper trails. A paper trail is simply a continuous documentation of... 

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