Paper and cellulose products

Surfactants play several important roles in the papermaking industry. Several components of paper such as pigments for producing white or colored paper and sizing agents, often emulsion polymers that bind the cellulose fibers in the finished product and incorporate strength and dimensional stability, require surfactants in their preparation. In addition, the water-absorbing capacity of paper is often controlled by the addition of the proper surfactants. 

Surfactants are also important in the process of recycling paper. A major step in the process is the removal of the ink and pigments present (deinking). That process is what is termed a flotation process (see Section 1.3.7), in which a surfactant is added to an aqueous slurry of old paper. The surfactant is chosen so that it will 

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Highly effective flame retardant for polyester and other non-woven products as well as paper and cellulosic products. 

Since their commercial introduction during the 1940s as components of proprietary detergents and laundry preparations, these products have found extensive usage in the whitening of paper and textile materials. Disperse FBAs are available for whitening hydrophobic fibres and solvent-soluble FBAs impart fluorescence to oils, paints, varnishes and waxes. Approximately 75% of commercially established FBAs are stilbene derivatives with inherent substantivity for paper and cellulosic textiles, but the remainder come from about twenty different chemical classes. These include aminocoumarins (6%), naphthalimides (3%), pyrazoles and pyrazolines (each about 2%), acenaphthenes, benzidine sulphones, stilbene-naphthotriazoles, thiazoles and xanthenes (each about 1%). FBAs of these and other chemical types are discussed in detail in Chapter 11 of Volume 2. 

The remarkable property of cellulose fibres which gives rise to their widespread use in paper and board products is their ability, when dried in contact with each other from water, to form a strong bond. Perhaps more importantly, this bond can be completely disrupted by the re-addition of water and this is the essential property which allows cellulosic fibres to be relatively easily recycled. 

Most often, the rates for feedstock destruction in anaerobic digestion systems are based upon biogas production or reduction of total solids (TS) or volatile solids (VS) added to the system. Available data for analyses conducted on the specific polymers in the anaerobic digester feed are summarized in Table II. The information indicates a rapid rate of hydrolysis for hemicellulose and lipids. The rates and extent of cellulose degradation vary dramatically and are different with respect to the MSW feedstock based on the source and processing of the paper and cardboard products (42). Rates for protein hydrolysis are particularly difficult to accurately determine due the biotransformation of feed protein into microbial biomass, which is representative of protein in the effluent of the anaerobic digestion system. 

Subramaniam, 1988]. Hydrochlorination, usually carried out at about 10°C, proceeds by electrophilic addition to give the Markownikoff product with chlorine on the tertiary carbon (Eq. 9-33) [Golub and Heller, 1964 Tran and Prud homme, 1977]. Some cyclization of the intermediate carbocation (XXVI) also takes place (Sec. 9-7). The product, referred to as rubber hydrochloride, has low permeability to water vapor and is resistant to many aqueous solutions (hut not bases or oxidizing acids). Applications include packaging film laminates with metal foils, paper, and cellulose films, although it has been largely replaced by cheaper packaging materials such as polyethylene. 

Wood forms one of the world s most important chemical raw materials. It is the primary source of cellulose for the pulp and paper and cellulose industries. These industries are well up in the group of 10 major industries of the United Slates. For paper, rayon, films, lacquers, explosives and plastics, which comprise the greatest chemical uses of wood, it is the cellulose component (plus certain amounts of hemicellulose) of wood that is of value. The lignin forms a major industrial waste as a by-product of the paper and cellulose industries. Its major use is in its heat value in the recovery of alkaline pulping chemicals. A variety of minor uses for lignin have been developed, such as for the manufacture of vanillin, adhesives, plastics, oil-well drilling compounds and fillers for rubber. 

THE TERM PULP is used to describe theraw material for the production of paper and allied products such as paper-board, fiberboard, and dissolving pulp for the subsequent manufacture of rayon, cellulose acetate, and other cellulose products. More specifically, pulp is wood or other biomass material that has undergone some degree of chemical or mechanical action to free the fibers either individually or as fiber bundles from an enbodying matrix. Paper,... 

Tihe preparation and properties of cellulose graft copolymers have A been of considerable interest in the textile, paper, and wood products industries for a number of years. Both free radical- and ionic-initiated graft copolymerization reactions of vinyl monomers with cellulose have been reported. The vinyl-cellulose copolymers have some of the properties of both the cellulosic fibers and the grafted polyvinyl copolymers (I, 3, 47). 

Grafting and Curing Processes for Cellulosic, Paper and Textile Products, presented at the 176th Natl. Meet. Am. Chem. Soc., Miami Beach, FL, Sept., 1978. 

Cellulose is one of the most attractive bio-resources for energy and chemicals [6-9]. Most cellulose is utilized as raw material in the paper industry for the production of paper and cardboard products. Cellulose based nanocomposites have emerged as a new type of advanced materials, attracting great interest in their research and development. Cellulosic nanocomposites are formed by adding cellulose nanoscale fillers in various polymer matrices resulting in mechanical reinforcement and alteration of other properties. 

By far the major use of cellulose is in paper and cardboard production. In 2006 160 million tonnes of pulp were produced from 530 million m of wood. 95% of this was made from plantation wood. It is estimated by the United Nations Food... 

Many softwood and hardwood species, together with certain types of annual plants, have commercial interest as a source of cellulose fibres for the production of paper and board products. Thus, in technical fibre liberation processes, such as alkaline or sulphite pulping, huge quantities of lignin are dissolved as alkali lignin and lignosul-phonates, respectively. With few exceptions (see Chapter 10), these lignins are, however, never isolated, but burnt... 

This industry sector includes the manufacture of pulp from wood, rag, and other cellulose fibers and the manufacture of paper, paperboard, and building products. The manufacture of converted paper and paperboard products from purchased paper is not included since it involves a relatively simple process, whose wastewater flows and loadings are not generally significant to the design of treatment systems. Therefore, the plants making converted paper and paperboard products are excluded from discussions. 

The manufacture of paper and allied products involves the preparation of wood and other raw materials, separation and recovery of cellulose fibers, and blending of the fibers with proper additives to produce furnish , which is formed into paper. The additives include sizing materials such as alum and resins, sodium aluminate, and wax emulsions synthetics, such as acrylics, isocyanates, and fiuocarbons and fillers such as clays, calcium carbonate and sulfate, talc, barium sulfate, aluminum compounds, and titanium oxide. When fillers are used, retention aids (starches or synthetic resins) are added to increase the retention of the filler. 

Uses of pulp 95% of all pulps are paper pulps , used for paper and board production, from the rest, the dissolving pulps , chemicals are made like viscose (cord rayon, modal fibers, cellulose guts, cellulose films, acetyl cellulose) or cellulose derivatives (cellulose ethers, cellulose nitrates, methyl cellulose, carboxy cellulose). The requirements concerning quality differ considerably from one application to the other. 

Cellulose, in the form of separate plant fibers is also the main component of the pulp used for paper production. World market for cellulose fibers was valued at USD 12.6 billion in 2011 and is expected to reach USD 24.2 billion by 2018 [63], The world s annual pulp production was 179,4 million tons in 2013, whereas paper and board production was 402,6 million tons at the same time [8]. 

The major harvested sources of cellulose are currently wood and cotton. Wood is processed into building materials, millions of tons of paper and fiber products and industrial chemicals. Cotton has been extensively used as a source of textile and industrial fibers since the 18 th century. During that period inventions facilitated the handling and processing of cottonseed and derived cotton fibers. This led to the large-scale development of the textile industry in England. During this period, later to be known as the industrial revolution, cotton was the principal raw material. It is estimated that... 

The intermolecular crosslinking of cellulose molecules in fibers that have been formed into paper and textile products has been of interest primarily in maintaining dimensional stabilities of the products. Crosslinking reactions of cellulose are conducted almost exclusively in heterogeneous systems. Crosslinking reactions include heat treatments, particularly for paper, and esterification and etherification reactions of bi- and tri-functional reagents, usually soluble in water, with cellulose. 

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