Bio-based feedstock

The use of bioprocessing - the enzymatic conversion of natural raw materials such as corn or sugar cane to chemicals - is another feedstock route that a num- 

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Data printad in italica represent rough estinate. Data printed in bold are used for environmental assessment Cradle (o>fac(ory gate anal is. Without bio-based feedstock and bio based energy byproducts used within the process. 

This approach is illustrated by Braskem who have built a 200 kton/year bio-PE plant using sugarcane as bio-based feedstock in Brazil. Sugar from sugar cane is fermented to... 

Abstract Succimc add is an important platform chemical derived from petrochemical or bio-based feedstocks and can be transformed into a wide range of chemicals and polymers. Increasing demand for biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) will open up a new market for succinic acid. In this chapter, the synthesis of succinic acid is briefly reviewed. We focus on the polymerization, crystalline structure, thermal and mechanical properties, and biodegradability of PBS and its copolymers. PBS shows balanced mechanical properties similar to those of polyethylene and excellent performance during thermal processing. In addition, PBS and its copolymers can biodegrade in various enviromnents, such as soil burial, river, sea, activated... 

At the present stage, petroleum- or coal-based succinic acid is still cheaper than bio-based feedstock. With future development of fermentation technology and the finding of new microbial strains, bio-based succinic acid will become competitive. 

Because of the concerns about an adequate and reliable supply of petroleum due to the pricing actions of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), the 1970s also saw an interest in the development of bio-based feedstocks for the production of plastics and elastomers. In recent years this area has seen renewed attention as companies pursue their sustainability objectives and look to replace nonrenewable feedstocks with renewable feedstocks where economically and environmentally sustainable. 

The savings in primary energy and avoided CO emissions in using bio-based feedstock compared to conventional petroleum feedstock are significant. For instance, the GHG emission for conventional PET in a cradle-to-grave LCA estimate was 3.36 (kg equiv. CO /kg plastic). The corresponding number for bio-based PET was 2.34-2.67 (kg equiv. CO /kg plastic), depending on feedstock used (Shen et al., 2012). 

Competition between NR and bio-based SR (SR made from biosourced feedstock) should not be underestimated. For example in 2012, LANXESS is planning to produce the world s first SR, i.e. ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber (under the brand name of Keltan Eco) from ethylene derived from sugar cane at its Triunfo plant in Brazil. The ethanol is dehydrated into ethylene and polymerized to produce EPDM rubber." Besides, bio-based SR is suggested to be the bio-based feedstock of poly(butadiene) rubber for tyre industries. 

Several of these motivators have translated to increased consumer demand for bio-based and eco-friendly products, motivating surfactant producers and suppliers to seek certification for the labels bio-based or green or eco-friendly or sustainable (McCoy, 2008 Hayes, 2009). Of note, the feedstock costs will serve as the main economic motivator for manufacturing bio-based surfactants, since the production cost per mass for bio-based is roughly equivalent to petroleum-based (US Department of Energy, 1999). Furthermore, bio-based feedstocks for surfactants must possess reduced price fluctuations and increased... 

Both the hydrophile and lipophile of surfactants can be derived from bio-based feedstocks. Figure 10.1 depicts the utilization of oleochemical feedstocks to manufacture food products, biofuels, chemicals, and materials as one would envision occurring within an oleochemical biorefmery. The latter term refers to the concept where an oleochemical (bio-based) feedstock is utilized in a chemical facility, which through various processing and separations schemes produces energy or fuel, chemical intermediates, materials, and other co-products. 

Process integration (utihty savings) potential of integrating a biorefinery producing ethylene from bio-based feedstock... 

In the long-term research perspective, hydrogen is produced from electrolysis via solar or wind power and this hydrogen reacts with CO2 to either form synthesis gas, methane, or (biologically) converted into ethanol (the Ineos process). In conclusion, it can be said that methanol production via the synthesis gas route will remain the dominant route for the next 10—20 years, but greening this process is being introduced via the use of bio-based feedstocks in the gasification step. 

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