Pantothenic acid sources

THERAP cat (vet) As a dietary supplement (pantothenic acid source). 

Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits toxic fumes of NOx Storage SI. hygroscopic Uses Antistat in cosmetics medicine pantothenic acid source for pharmaceuticals, multivitamin prods. food additive, nutrient, dietary supplement animal feed additive Regulatory FDA 21CFR 184.1212, GRAS Japan approved (1% max. as calcium) BP, EP compliance... 

Uses Dietary supplement, pantothenic acid source in foods for special dietary use... 

Uses Moisturizer for hair and skin care prods. pantothenic acid source for solid dosage forms (tablets, capsules) and to fortify dry foods and enrichment premixes, usually in combination with other vitamins Features Long-lasting moisturizer Reguiatory USP, FCC, Ph, Eur,... 

Uses Antistat in cosmetics medicine pantothenic acid source for pharmaceuti-cais, muitivitamin prods, food additive, nutrient, dietary suppiement animai feed... 

R)-Pantothenic acid (1) contains two subunits, (R)-pantoic acid and P-alanine. The chemical abstract name is A/-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-l-oxobutyl)-P-alanine (11). Only (R)-pantothenic acid is biologically active. Pantothenic acid is unstable under alkaline or acidic conditions, but is stable under neutral conditions. Pantothenic acid is extremely hygroscopic, and there are stabiUty problems associated with the sodium salt of pantothenic acid. The major commercial source of this vitamin is thus the stable calcium salt (3) (calcium pantothenate). 

In terms of amino acids bacterial protein is similar to fish protein. The yeast s protein is almost identical to soya protein fungal protein is lower than yeast protein. In addition, SCP is deficient in amino acids with a sulphur bridge, such as cystine, cysteine and methionine. SCP as a food may require supplements of cysteine and methionine whereas they have high levels of lysine vitamins and other amino acids. The vitamins of microorganisms are primarily of the B type. Vitamin B12 occurs mostly hi bacteria, whereas algae are usually rich in vitamin A. The most common vitamins in SCP are thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid, choline, folic acid, inositol, biotin, B12 and P-aminobenzoic acid. Table 14.4 shows the essential amino acid analysis of SCP compared with several sources of protein. 

Rice bran is the richest natural source of B-complex vitamins. Considerable amounts of thiamin (Bl), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5) and pyridoxin (B6) are available in rice bran (Table 17.1). Thiamin (Bl) is central to carbohydrate metabolism and kreb s cycle function. Niacin (B3) also plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism for the synthesis of GTF (Glucose Tolerance Factor). As a pre-cursor to NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-oxidized form), it is an important metabolite concerned with intracellular energy production. It prevents the depletion of NAD in the pancreatic beta cells. It also promotes healthy cholesterol levels not only by decreasing LDL-C but also by improving HDL-C. It is the safest nutritional approach to normalizing cholesterol levels. Pyridoxine (B6) helps to regulate blood glucose levels, prevents peripheral neuropathy in diabetics and improves the immune function. 

The RDA for pantothenic acid in adult men and women is 5 mg/day. Pregnant and lactating women need, respectively, 6 and 7 mg/day. As usual, children need less. Organ meats, milk, bread products, and fortified cereals are excellent sources of this vitamin. There are no reports of pantothenic acid toxicity and there is no established... 

Pantothenic acid (8.48), a hydroxyamide, occurs mainly in liver, yeast, vegetables, and milk, but also in just about every other food source, as its name implies [pantos (Greek) = everywhere]. It is part of coenzyme A, the acyl-transporting enzyme of the Krebs cycle and lipid syntheses, as well as a constituent of the acyl carrier protein in the fatty-acid synthase enzyme complex. 

Pantothenic acid is a component of coenzyme A, which functions in the transfer of acyl groups (Figure 28.17). Coenzyme A contains a thiol group that carries acyl compounds as activated thiol esters. Examples of such structures are succinyl CoA, fatty acyl CoA, and acetyl CoA. Pantothenic acid is also a component of fatty acid synthase (see p. 182). Eggs, liver, and yeast are the most important sources of pan tothenic acid, although the vitamin is widely distributed. Pantothenic acid deficiency is not well characterized in humans, and no RDA has been established. 

Vitamins and Minerals. Milk is a rich source of vitamins and other organic substances that stimulate microbial growth. Niacin, biotin, and pantothenic acid are required for growth by lactic streptococci (Reiter and Oram 1962). Thus the presence of an ample quantity of B-complex vitamins makes milk an excellent growth medium for these and other lactic acid bacteria. Milk is also a good source of orotic acid, a metabolic precursor of the pyrimidines required for nucleic acid synthesis. Fermentation can either increase or decrease the vitamin content of milk products (Deeth and Tamime 1981 Reddy et al. 1976). The folic acid and vitamin Bi2 content of cultured milk depends on the species and strain of culture used and the incubation conditions (Rao et al. 1984). When mixed cultures are used, excretion of B-complex vita-... 

Pantothenic acid is present in almost all foods, but usually at very low concentrations (19,185,186). Yeast, avocado, meat (especially organ meats), fish, several kinds of cheese, bran, whole-grain cereal products, and legumes are good food sources of pantothenic acid. In general, milk, fruit, and vegetables are relatively low in pantothenic acid. 

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) (Figure 2.28) is a very widely distributed water-soluble vitamin, though yeast, liver, and cereals provide rich sources. Even though animals must obtain the vitamin through the diet, pantothenic acid deficiency is rare, since most foods provide... 

Canola meal is a good source of choline, niacin and riboflavin, but not folic acid or pantothenic acid. It contains one of the highest levels of biotin found typically in North American feed ingredients. Total biotin in canola meal was found to average 1231 pg/kg with a bioavailability for growing broilers of 0.66 compared with 0.17 for wheat, 0.2 for triticale, 0.21 for barley, 0.39 for sorghum, 0.98 for soybean meal and 1.14 for maize (Blair and Misir, 1989). 

The CP content of cottonseed meal may vary from 360 to 410g/kg, depending on the contents of hulls and residual oil. AA content and digestibility of cottonseed meal are lower than in soybean meal. Although fairly high in protein, cottonseed meal is low in lysine and tryptophan. The fibre content is higher in cottonseed meal than in soybean meal, and its ME value is inversely related to the fibre content. Cottonseed meal is a poorer source of minerals than soybean meal. The content of carotene is low in cottonseed meal, but this meal compares favourably with soybean meal in water-soluble vitamin content, except biotin, pantothenic acid and pyridoxine. 

As with the main cereals, faba beans are a relatively poor source of Ca and are low in iron and Mn. The P content is higher than in canola. Faba beans contain lower levels of biotin, choline, niacin, pantothenic acid and riboflavin, but a higher level of thiamin, than soybean meal or canola meal. 

Pantothenic acid occurs in all living cells and tissues and is, therefore, found in most food products. Good dietary sources include meats, liver, kidney, fruits, vegetables, milk, egg yolk, yeast, whole cereal grains, and nuts (Table 9-26). In animal products, most of the pantothenic acid is present in the bound... 

Pantothenic acid is widely distributed in all foodstuffs. The name is derived from the Greek for from everywhere, as opposed to other vitamins that were originally isolated from individual rich sources. 

Pantothenic acid is largely excreted unchanged by mammals. Some phos-phopantetheine may also be excreted in the urine after administration of pantothenic acid, some of the label may be recovered in exhaled CO2. This is probably the result of intestinal bacterial metabolism, because many bacteria have pantothenase, a specific amidase that cleaves pantothenic acid to 8-alanine and pantoic acid. Pseudomonas species are capable of using pantothenic acid as their sole carbon source. 

Plants and microorganisms are capable of the de novo synthesis ofpantothenic acid from oxo-isovalerate and aspartate, by the pathway shown in Figure 12.3 animals are reliant on a preformed source of pantothenic acid. 

The energy content of sunflower meal compares favorably with that of other oilseed meals and increases as the residual oil content increases and as the fiber content decreases. Sunflower meal also compares favorably with other oilseed meals as a source of calcium and phosphorus (36) and is an excellent source of water-soluble B-complex vitamins, namely nicotinic acid, thiamine, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and biotin. 

The average intake of pantothenic add, as free pantothenic add and as coenzyme A, acetyl-ooenzyme A, and long-chain fatty acyl-cocnzyme A, is S to 10 mg/day. An RDA for the vitamin has not been established because the vitamin is plentiful in a variety of foods. Pantothenic acid is present in all plant and animal foods. The richest sources of the vitamin are liver, yeast, egg yolk, and vegetables. In foods, the vitamin occurs mainly as coenzyme A,... 

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