Sunflower meal

Barley, wheat Sunflower meal Soybean meal Tapioca... 

Soybeans contain only 1—25 ppm of phenofic acids (33) whereas defatted sunflower meal contains 2.7% chlorogenic acid, 0.38% quinic acid, and 0.2% caffeic acid (34). Chlorogenic acid turns from yellow to green and finally to brown as the pH is raised from 7 to 11. Interaction of chlorogenic acid... 

Birds eat sufficient food to satisfy their energy intake, but this does not mean that they will eat enough protein, unless the protein proportion in the rotation is high. Protein quality is also important, the two most essential amino acids being lysine and methionine. The best quality protein for all poultry is white fishmeal (banned only for ruminants by the Soil Association). The best vegetable protein is soya bean which is low in methionine, but this can be made up by using sunflower meal in the ration. 

Mason, J. R., Bullard, R. W., Dolbeer, R. A., and Woronecki, P. P. (1989b). Red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus L.) feeding responses to oil and anthocyanin levels in sunflower meal. Crop Protection 8,455-460. 

Figure 1. Water absorption of sunflower meals. Sunflower varieties fA) Arrowhead (9) Mingren ( ) Greystripe fO) Peredovik (U) Krasnodarets ( ll).

Sunflower Seed. Emulsion capacity of defatted sunflower meal was investigated by Huffman et al. (45) at three pH levels (5.2, 7.0, 10.8), blender speeds (4500, 6500, 9000 rpm), and oil addition rates (30, 45, 60 ml/min). With low mixing speeds and rapid rates of oil addition, optimum emulsion capacity occurred at pH 7.0. These authors related the observed emulsification properties to protein solubility, surface area and size of oil droplets, and rate of protein film formation. 

Senkoylu and Dale (1999) reviewed the nutritional value of sunflower seed and meal for poultry. The seeds contain approximately 380g/kg oil, 170 g/ kg CP and 159g/kg CF and are a good source of dietary lipid. Sunflower meal is produced by extraction of the oil from sunflower seeds. The nutrient... 

In contrast to other major oilseeds and oilseed meals, sunflower seeds and meals appear to be relatively free of ANFs. Chlorogenic acid, a polyphenolic compound occurring in sunflower meal (12 g/kg) has been reported to inhibit the activity of hydrolytic enzyme, with possible adverse effects on poultry production (Ravindran and Blair, 1992). These effects may be overcome by supplementing the diet with a methyl donor such as choline. 

Senkoylu and Dale (1999) reviewed findings on the use of sunflower meal in poultry diets and concluded that it could be used successfully in layer, broiler and waterfowl diets to replace 50-100% of soybean meal, depending on the type of diet and the nature of the other ingredients. However, results were... 

However, it is unlikely that maximal levels of sunflower meal can be achieved in organic diets since supplements of pure lysine and methionine are not acceptable. 

Casartelli, E.M., Filardi, R.S., Junqueira, O.M., Laurentiz, A.C., Assuena, V. and Duarte, K.F. (2006) Sunflower meal in commercial layer diets formulated on total and digestible... 

Senkoylu, N. and Dale, N. (1999) Sunflower meal in poultry diets a review. World s Poultry Science Journal 55, 153-174. 

Serman, V., Mas, N., Melenjuk, V., Dumanovski, F. and Mikulec, Z. (1997) Use of sunflower meal in feed mixtures for laying hens. Acta Veterinaria Brno 66, 219-227. 

Table 4.1.36A. Sunflower meal dehulled expeller (IFN 5-30-033). The meal obtained after the removal of most of the oil from sunflower seeds without hulls by a mechanical extraction process. (From CFIA, 2007.)...

In meat emulsions, a specific soluble fraction of proteins was shown to function as the key emulsifier (22). However, Lin et al. (15) showed that sunflower meal was superior to soybean and sunflower protein concentrates or isolates in emulsification capacity. These authors suggest that nonprotein constituents of seeds may contribute to the formation of emulsions and aid in the formation of whipped foams. 

Lin et al. (15) showed that sunflower meal was superior to soybean and sunflower concentrates or isolates In emulsion capacity. McWatters and Cherry (9) compared select functional properties of defatted soybean, peanut, field pea, and pecan flours and showed that major seed storage proteins were important in emulsifying and foaming properties. Protein solubility was related to the quality of the emulsions and foams. Behavioral characteristics contributed by nonprotein components that occur naturally In the seeds, especially carbohydrates, were Implicated. 

A commonly occurring hull and kernel composition is shown in Figures 2 and 3, respectively, as well as of sunflower meal in Figure 4. Data correspond to a fully dehulled meal, a condition difficult to obtain in practice (1, 5, 11). 

The remaining material from the pressing stage (expeller) of sunflower seed usually contains 10-12% of oil. Sunflower meal is obtained as a byproduct of solvent extraction from this material. In order to facilitate handling and transportation, the meal is often compacted through pressure and temperature treatment, into the shape of sunflower pellets. Sunflower pellets are the fourth important oleaginous raw material used in animal feeds, after soybean, cottonseed, and canola pellets. 

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