Pantothenic acid toxicity

Pantothenic acid toxicity has not been reported in humans. Massive doses (10 g/d) in humans have produced mild intestinal distress and diarrhea. Acute toxicity was observed in case of mice and rats by using calcium pantothenate at fairly large doses (92). 

The RDA for pantothenic acid in adult men and women is 5 mg/day. Pregnant and lactating women need, respectively, 6 and 7 mg/day. As usual, children need less. Organ meats, milk, bread products, and fortified cereals are excellent sources of this vitamin. There are no reports of pantothenic acid toxicity and there is no established... 

No datahavebeen reported on pantothenic acid or panthenol toxicity in humans [417]. Pantothenic acid is widely distributed among foods, especially in yeast and organ meat. It is usually present in the bound form (CoA), thereby it requires an enzymatic treatment for the analysis of the total contents. 

Vitamins are chemically unrelated organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by humans and, therefore, must must be supplied by the diet. Nine vitamins (folic acid, cobalamin, ascorbic acid, pyridoxine, thiamine, niacin, riboflavin, biotin, and pantothenic acid) are classified as water-soluble, whereas four vitamins (vitamins A, D, K, and E) are termed fat-soluble (Figure 28.1). Vitamins are required to perform specific cellular functions, for example, many of the water-soluble vitamins are precursors of coenzymes for the enzymes of intermediary metabolism. In contrast to the water-soluble vitamins, only one fat soluble vitamin (vitamin K) has a coenzyme function. These vitamins are released, absorbed, and transported with the fat of the diet. They are not readily excreted in the urine, and significant quantities are stored in Die liver and adipose tissue. In fact, consumption of vitamins A and D in exoess of the recommended dietary allowances can lead to accumulation of toxic quantities of these compounds. 

Pantothenic acid has the active form coenzyme A. It functions as an acyl carrier. A defi ciency of pantothenic acid is rare, and it has no known toxicity. 

Two aliphatic acids possess, for grasses, many of the growth-distortion and toxicity effects associated with the synthetic auxins on dicotyledonous plants. Trichloroacetic acid and 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon), as the sodium salts, have been called grass "hormones or auxins, although Wilkinson184 could find no growth stimulation at low concentrations, and described dalapon as an antiauxin from its interference with indole-3-acetic acid effects. The herbicidal properties of trichloroacetate do not depend on its protein-denaturing ability, and those of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid involve, at least indirectly, the synthesis of pantothenic acid. 

Pantothenic acid seems to have very low toxicity. Intakes of up to 10 g of calcium pantothenate per day (compared with a normal dietary intake of 2 to 7 mg per day) have been given for up to 6 weeks, with no apparent ill effects. 

There are no reports of adverse effects. With the exception of occasional mild diarrhea, with oral pantothenic acid m doses as high as 20g/day. In the absence of evidence of toxicity, a tolerable upper intake level cannot be derived for pantothenic acid. 

In contrast to these chemicals, the newer organic compounds that have come into use within the past two decades are higher cost materials, but they are also much more toxic. Examples are dalapon, which competes with panto-ate and inhibits enzymatic synthesis of pantothenic acid (D,L-N-[2,4—dihydroxy-3,3—dimethylbutyryl]-P-alanine), and the substituted ureas, s-triazines... 

Other fractions of the vitamin B complex have also been tested for their effect on the survival of young adrenalectomized rats, and it was found that biotin was as effective as pantothenate (Ralli and Dumm, 1952). This is interesting in view of the previous discussion of the interrelation of biotin and pantothenic acid (see Section V.b). In this same series of experiments it was observed that large doses of pyridoxine were toxic to adrenalectomized rats when given after a period of pantothenate deficiency. Thiamine and riboflavin had no influence on survival, but folic acid and vitamin Bu resulted in a moderate improvement. These observations emphasize the interaction of vitamins under various nutritional situations in relation to hormone action. 

It is true that when the selenium and/or methionine in the diet is suboptimum, there is a marked increase in the requirement for vitamin E. However, many stresses and other nutritional deficiencies are also known to increase the tocopherol requirement. For example, carbon tetrachloride toxicity, protein, B12 and folic acid deficiencies (Hove and Hardin, 1951a,b), and Be deficiency (Day and Dinning, 1956), all increase the requirement for a-tocopherol. As for the relationship of ubiquinone to tocopherol, here also, one wonders whether the decreased amount of ubiquinone found in vitamin E deficiency is specific or an incidental effect of one form of inanition, since a deficiency of pantothenic acid, and possibly other deficiencies that affect liver function, will produce similar decreases in ubiquinone. 

Caicium Pantothenate USP, FCC, Calcium pantothenate. See Calcium D-pantothenate Calcium D-pantothenate CAS 137-08-6 EINECS/ELINCS 205-278-9 Synonyms Calcium d(+)-N-(a,y-dihydroxy-p,p-dimethylbutyryl)-P-alaninate Calcium N-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl-p-alanine Calcium pantothenate d-Calcium pantothenate Calcium d-pantothenate N-(2,4-Di hydroxy-3,3-di methyl buty ryl-P-alan i ne calcium D-N-(2,4-Dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl-p-alanine, calcium salt Extro calcium pantothenate Pantothenate calcium Pantothenic acid, calcium salt Vitamin B Vitamin B, calcium salt Definition Calcium salt of pantothenic acid Empirical C19H34N2O10 Ca Properties Wh. powd., odorless, sweetish taste with si. bitter aftertaste stable in air sol. in water, glycerol insol. in alcohol, chloroform, ether m.w. 490.63 m.p. 170-172 C dec. 195-196 C Toxicology LD50 (oral, mouse) 10 g/kg, (IP, rat) 820 mg/kg, (IV, rat) 830 mg/kg mod. toxic by IP, subcut., and IV routes mildly toxic by ing. TSCA listed... 

Hazardous Decomp. Prods. Heated to decomp., emits toxic fumes of NOx Storage SI. hygroscopic Uses Antistat in cosmetics medicine pantothenic acid source for pharmaceuticals, multivitamin prods. food additive, nutrient, dietary supplement animal feed additive Regulatory FDA 21CFR 184.1212, GRAS Japan approved (1% max. as calcium) BP, EP compliance... 

The daily intraperitoneal medication with d-pantethine (500 mg/kg), D-(+)-pantothenic acid 000 mg/kg) or cystamine (50 mg/kg) for 5 days conferred significant protection against the hepato-toxic and peroxidative actions of a 0.5 ml CCI4 intraperitoneal dose in male Sprague-Dawley rats (Nagiel-Ostaszewski and Lau-Cam 1990). All three treatments lessened the increases in serum ALT and fiver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and the reductions in serum triglyceride levels, and prevented the development of hepatic steatosis caused by the halocarbon. Pantethine was found to offer the greatest protection. 

Vitamins and minerals. Dietary deficiencies of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 will modify sensory functions, motor ability, and personality. Deficiencies of minerals such as sodium and magnesium, and toxic intakes of minerals such as lead and mercury, produce mild to severe forms of mental disorders—hyperactivity, learning difficulties, hallucinations, confusion, and giddiness. 

TOXICITY. Pantothenic acid is a relatively nontoxic substance. As much as 10 g of calcium pantothenate per day was given to young men for 6 weeks with no toxic symptoms other studies indicate that daily doses of 10 to 20 g may result in occasional diarrhea and water retention." ... 

The toxicity of pantothenic acid is very low with doses of up to 10 g/day having little adverse effects. 

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