Sinuses, nasal

Infections of the respiratory tract are among the commonest of infections, and account for much consultation in general practice and a high percentage of acute hospital admissions. They are divided into infections of the upper respiratory tract, involving the ears, throat, nasal sinuses and the trachea, and the lower respiratory tract (LRT), where they affect the airways, lungs and pleura. 

PI. 2.1B Amphibian AOS, surface of accessory neuroepithelium chemosensory strips divided by non-sensory ridges in lateral nasal sinus of Japanese Red-bellied Newt (iCyaops pyrrhogaster) SEM X 742, R = ridge with microvillous cells and G = groove with ciliated cells and cellular protrusions (from Jones et at., 1994). 

AOS responsiveness to hormonal influences is shown in the action of sodefrin on the lateral nasal sinus of newts (Cynops). The receptors in the accessory pocket are differentially affected by pituitary and ovarian hormones (Toyoda et al., 2000). The local EOG response to the pheromone (Fig. 5.1) was enhanced by the presence of prolactin or of estrogen alone. Receptor sensitivity increase is perhaps an alternate strategy to AOS receptor density increase several alternate routes of signal receptor adaptation (Fig. 7.1) have been hypothesised (Sorenson and Stacey, 1998). 

Negus V.E. (1958). Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Nose and Para-Nasal Sinuses. Oliver Boyd, Edinburgh, p. 402. 

Local effects noted in guinea pigs, rats, mice, and hamsters caused by inhalation of metallic nickel powder (15 mg/m3), nickel subsulfide (0.97 mg/m3), or nickel oxide (53 mg/m3) include nasal sinus inflammations, ulcers, lung irritation, nickel accumulations in lungs, emphysema, and... 

Nickel aerosols, occupational exposure Lung cancer, nasal sinusitis, chronic rhinitis 10... 

Doll R, Mathews JD, Morgan LG, et al Cancers of the lung and nasal sinuses in nickel workers A reassessment of the period of risk. Br find Med 34 102-105, 1977... 

Following inhalation exposure of humans to nickel particles, primarily as nickel oxides and nickel refinery dust, the respiratory system is the primary target. Effects noted included chronic bronchitis, emphysema, reduced vital capacity, and cancers of the lungs and nasal sinus. These effects occurred at... 

Chromium and chromates Tanning, pigment making Nasal sinus, bronchus... 

Wood dust Cabinelmaking. carpentry Nasal sinus... 

Nickel Lung, nasal sinuses Smelters and process workers... 

These compounds are suspected of causing cancers of the lung, nasal sinuses, brain, esophagus, stomach, liver, bladder, and kidney.1... 

Evidence in lung and nasal sinus cancers in humans... 

The venous anatomy is very variable. Venous blood flows centrally via the deep cerebral veins and peripherally via the superficial cerebral veins into the dural venous sinuses, which lie between the outer and meningeal inner layer of the dura and drain into the internal jugular veins (Stam 2005) (Fig. 4.4). The cerebral veins do not have valves and are thin walled, and the blood flow is often in the same direction as in neighboring arteries. There are numerous venous connections between the cerebral veins and the dural sinuses, the venous system of the meninges, skull, scalp, and nasal sinuses, allowing infection or thrombus to propagate between these vessels. 

SAFETY PROFILE Confirmed carcinogen of the lung, nasal sinus, brain, esophagus, stomach, liver, bladder, and kidney. They are often produced in food as by-products from processing and preparadon. They are found in whiskey, herbicides, and cosmetics, as well as in tanneries, rubber factories, and iron foundries. They can be formed within the body by reaction of amine-containing foods or drugs with the nitrites resulting from bacterial conversion of nitrates. See also N-NITROSO COMPOUNDS. 

Inhalation. Chronic bronchitis, emphysema, reduced lung capacity, and cancers of the lungs and nasal sinus. 

Contraindications. Any closed, distendable air-filled space expands dm-ing administration of nitrous oxide, which moves into it from the blood. It is therefore contraindicated in patients with demonstrable collections of air in the pleural, pericardial or peritoneal spaces intestinal obstruction arterial air embolism decompression sickness severe chronic obstructive airway disease emphysema. Nitrous oxide will cause pressure changes in closed, noncompliant spaces such as the middle ear, nasal sinuses, and the eye. 

DM s primary action is on the upper respiratory tract, causing irritation of the nasal mucosa and nasal sinuses, burning in the throat, tightness and pain in the chest, and uncontrollable coughing and sneezing. It also causes eye irritation and burning, with tearing, blepharospasm, and injected conjunctiva. 

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