Pharmacokinetics influencing

Further support for the thesis that the observed drug-membrane interaction directly or indirectly affects the receptor and does not represent pharmacokinetic influences can be derived from preliminary data of a small set of five derivatives for which some pharmacokinetic parameters were determined in rats [41]. The pharmacokinetic parameters - area under the curve (AUC), elimination rate constant (kd ), half-life (to 5), the time of maximal concentration (tmax), and maximal concentration (cmax) - did not correlate significantly with either log 1/ED50(MES), log Al/T2, or log fC0i t. Instead, even for this small set of compounds, log 1 /ED50(MES) correlated again significantly with both parameters log Al/T2 and log K ocL (r = 0.998 and 0.973 respectively). 

Ehrsson H, Eksborg S, Wallin I, Osterborg A, MeUstedt H. Oral melphalan pharmacokinetics influence of interferon-induced fever. Clin Fharmacol Ther 1990 47(l) 86-90. 

Pharmacokinetic Influence of Pegylated Systems in Terms of Elimination Half-Life... 

Bentue-Ferrer D, Allain H, Reymann JM, Sabouraud O, Van den Driessche J. Lack of pharmacokinetic influence on levodopa by bromocriptine. ClinNeurophannacol( 9SS) 11, 3-6. 

Ochs HR, Greenblatt DJ, Friedman H, Burstein ES, Locniskar A, Harmatz JS, Shader RI. Bromazepam pharmacokinetics influence of age, gender, oral contraceptives, cimetidine and propranolol. Clin Pharmacol Ther 9Zl) 41,562-70. 

Mandla R, Midtvedt K, Line P-D, Hartmann A, Bergan S. Mycophenolic acid clinical pharmacokinetics influenced by a cyclosporine C2 based immunosuppressive regimen in renal allograft recipients. Transpl Int (2006) 19, 44-53. 

The disadvantage of these in vitro methods is the complete absence of any information about possible pharmacokinetic influences on the drug s action. This, however, can be overcome by administration of compounds to animals, mostly rats, and the isolation of synaptosomes from the brain of sacrificed animals after an appropriate interval. This is usually called the in vivo fin vitro method. 

In cases of all but intravenous adininistration, dosage forms must make the active moiety available for absorption, ie, for dmg release. This influences the bioavailabiUty and the dmg s pharmacokinetic profile. Ideally the dmg is made available to the blood for distribution and elimination at a rate equal to those processes. Through technological developments dmg product design can achieve release, absorption, and elimination rates resulting in durations of activity of 8—12 hours, ie, prolonged action/controlled release dmg products (21,22). Such products improve the compliance rate of dmg usage by patients. 

Pharmacokinetic studies should allow an assessment of the relationship between the environmental-exposure conditions and the absorbed dose, and how these influence the doses of test material and metaboHtes received by various body tissues and fluids, and the potential for storage. Numerous texts are available on the design and conduct of metaboHsm and pharmacokinetic studies (117—119). 

In clinical life, as outlined in this essay, pharmacokinetics (PK) is used instrumental to improve drug therapy. For this purpose, pharmacokinetics must be presented in general and transmissible terms. The case of kidney failure gives one important example of how disease influences pharmacokinetics and how pharma-cokonetics can be used to produce the same pharmacodynamic effect is such patients. The aim and end... 

Bolla KI, McCann UD, Ricaurte GA Memory impairment in abstinent MDMA ( ecstasy ) users. Neurology 51 1532—1537, 1998 Borgen L, Lane E, Lai A Xyrem (sodium oxybate) a study of dose proportionality in healthy human subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 40 1053, 2000 Borgen LA, Okerholm R, Morrison D, et al The influence of gender and food on the pharmacokinetics of sodium oxybate oral solution in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 43 59-65, 2003... 

Monster AC, Boersma G, Duba WC. 1976. Pharmacokinetics of trichloroethylene in volunteers Influence of workload and exposure concentration. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 38 87-102. 

Testa, B., Crivori, P., Reist, M., Carrupt, P. A. The influence of lipophilicity on the pharmacokinetic behavior of drugs concepts and examples. Perspect. Drug Discov. Des. 2000, 79,179-211. 

Evaluate physiologic parameters that may influence pharmacokinetics. 

Ethnic differences have been shown to influence response to psychotropic medications. Much of the focus on the explanation for such differences has been on drug-metabolizing (CYP) enzymes of the liver and their sway over pharmacokinetic factors. It is now well recognized that differences in the distribution of polymorphic variants of CYP enzymes exist between different ethnic groups. However, within ethnic groups there are considerable inter-individual variations in drug kinetics, which may not be accounted for solely by genetic variation. Responses to pharmacotherapy are multifaceted and involve the interaction of environmental and... 

Kubo, M. et al. (2005). Influence of itraconazole co-administration and CYP2D6 genotype on the pharmacokinetics of the new antipsychotic Aripriprazole. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet.,... 

Biological factors that may influence pharmacological response and side effects include pharmacokinetics such as protein binding, distribution, metabolism, or... 

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