Pharmaceutical industry compared with other industries

The pharmaceutical enterprise compared with other industries... 

An additional fact to consider is that the pharmaceutical usage of any plastic tends to be relatively small when compared with other industries food, motor, etc. This situation poses considerable problems to both the pharmaceutical industry and the polymer manufacturer or the converter when any information is requested, as invariably the in-depth data required is out of proportion to the profit made. Attempts to overcome this problem have been suggested (the industry pays for the information, or information within the industry is pooled), but so far little progress has been made towards a satisfactory solution. 

In Cypms and Malaysia, many types of interest groups are found in the pharmaceutical sector. Nonetheless, the DRA appears to be much more dominant, compared with other groups involved in the sector. The Cypriot Pharmaceutical Services Division enjoys significant authority vis-a-vis the industry and pharmacies. Consumer and industrial groups are not well organized. In the past, consumer groups have occasionally made themselves heard and attempted to put pressure on the DRA to accord priority status to certain dmgs. 

Three research studies compared adjusted pharmaceutical industry profits with similarly adjusted profits in other industries. Table 4-8 summarizes the methods and results of these studies. Once again, these studies include a small number of pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceuti-cal firms, virtually all successful, and examine a short time period. Nevertheless, these studies show that adjusting accounting rates of return for investments in R D and advertising does not completely erase differences in computed profits between pharmaceuticals and the comparison industries. 

Table-4-8--Results of Studies Comparing Adjusted Pharmaceutical Industry Profits With Profits in Other Industries... 

Product liability has become one of the fastest-growing, and perhaps the most economically significant, applications of tort law. Pharmaceutical companies have been defendants in some of the most widely publicized and costly product liability lawsuits in the USA and Europe, prompting many companies to lobby vigorously for tort reform and prepare years in advance for the possibility of litigation (Nace et al, 1997). The liability burden of pharmaceutical companies has been described as extremely disproportionate to their sales when compared with other manufacturing industries (The Progress and Freedom Foundation 1996,... 

Martinswerk of Germany said that its Magnifm flame retardants have been specifically created for applications as flame retardant additives, compared with other magnesium hydroxides that have been manufactured from seawater with the pharmaceutical industry in mind. Magnifin is especially recommended for situations where low smoke emission and a high thermal stability are required from a halogen-free retardant. 

The polyhedral boranes described above are available from commercial sources however, they are all very expensive due to the absence of large-scale industrial production and could find practical applications only in some exclusive areas where no alternative exists. The use of polyhedral boranes in some of the fields described below obviously has no alternative, in other fields the price of modern pharmaceuticals is comparable with price of boron hydride derivatives, and in some cases the boron hydride price is negligible in comparison with the price of drug as a whole. 

There is an increasing demand for xylitol in the food industry, confectionery, as an important sugar substitute on a weight-for-weight basis, as oral hygiene, parenteral nutrition, in chewing gum, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals products (Rao et al., 2006 Perez-Bibbins et al., 2013). Xylitol is expensive at aroxmd US 7-8/kg with an estimated global market of around 340 million/year as compared with other natural sweeteners (Rao et al., 2006 Yu et al., 2011). 

The strict regulations of the pharmaceutical industry have a significant effect on the quality control of final products, demanding the use of reliable and fast analytical methods. The capacity that the technique has for the simultaneous determination of several APIs with no need of, or with minimum, sample preparation has considerably increased its application in pharmaceutical analytical control. The main limitation of NIR is the relatively low sensitivity that limits the determination of APIs in preparations when their concentration is less than 0.1%. Nevertheless, instrumental improvements allow the determination below this limit depending on the nature of the analyte and the matrix, with comparable errors to the ones obtained with other instrumental techniques. The reference list presents an ample variety of analytical methodologies, types of samples, nature of analyte and calibration models. A detailed treatment of each one is beyond the scope of... 

This chapter is written primarily as a guide to running trials with new chemical entities during drug development. The principles described are also directly relevant to all other trials such as those comparing two or more licensed treatments (which may themselves be combinations) and research studies initiated and conducted in academic institutions without any support from the Pharmaceutical Industry. There will be some differences of detail in those other circumstances. 

Pollen grains and starch granules, with major uses in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, have been separated by SdFFF, in which the results were complemented and compared with those achieved by using other FFF techniques (AsFlFFF and GrFFF) or flow cytometry. 

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