Effects on soil

Sodium is an indispensable element for some crops (notably sugar beet), can partially substitute for potassium in several crops, contributes to neutralising soil and subsoil acidity, and has a positive effect on soil phosphoms solubiUty. Sodium is an essential nutrient for cattle, and sodium appHcation to soil increases its content in pastures. Sodium nitrate is particularly effective as a nitrogen source for sugar beet, vegetable crops, tobacco, and cotton (qv), and for any crop in acid soils. 

Much attention has been given in recent years to the environmental aspects of both the drilling operation and the drilling fluid components. Well-deserved concern with the possibility of polluting underground water supplies and of damaging marine organisms, as well as with the more readily observed effects on soil productivity and surface water quality, has stimulated widespread studies on this subject. 

DeBano, L.F. Rice, R.M. Conrad, C.E. Soil heating in chaparral fires Effects on soil properties, plant nutrients, erosion, and runoff. Berkeley, Calif. Pac. Southwest For. and Range Exp. Stn., Forest Service, USDA 1979, Res. Pap. PSW-145. 21 p. 

Somerville, L. and Greaves, M.P. (1987). Pesticide Effects on Soil. London Taylor and Francis. 

Mishra, U., Ussiri, D. A. N., and Lai, R. (2010). Tillage effects on soil organic carbon storage and dynamics in Corn Belt of Ohio USA. Soil Tillage Res. 107, 88-96. 

J. Gerke, W. Romer, and A. Jungk, The excretion of citric and malic acid by proteoid roots of Liipinus aihus L. effects on soil solution concentrations of phosphate, iron, and aluminium in the proteoid rhizosphere samples of an Oxisol and a Luvi.sol. Z. Pktnzenernaehr. Bodenk. I57 2S9 (1994). 

Fresquez P.R., Francis R.E., Dennis G.L. Sewage sludge effects on soil and plant quality in a degraded, semiarid grassland. J Environ Qual 1990 19 324-329. 

Sequi P., Aringhieri R. Destruction of organic matter by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of pyrophosphate and its effect on soil specific surface area. Soil Sci Soc Am J 1977 41 340-343. 

Janzen HH, Campbell CA, Izaurralde RC, Ellert BH, Juma N, McGill WB, Zentner RP (1998a) Management effects on soil C storage on the Canadian prairies. Soil Till Res 47 181-195... 

Johnston AE (1986) Soil organic matter effects on soils and crops. Soil Use Manag 2 97-105... 

Ocio JA, Brookes PC, Jenkinson DS (1991) Field incorporation of straw and its effects on soil microbial biomass and soil inorganic N. Soil Biol Biochem 23 171-176... 

Ohya H, Komai Y, Yamaguchi M (1985) Zinc effects on soil microflora and glucose metabolites in soil amended with 14C-glucose. Biol Fertil Soils 1 117-122... 

Garland JL, Mills AL (1991) Classification and characterization of heterotrophic microbial communities on the basis of patterns of community-level sole-carbon-source utilization. Appl Environ Microbiol 57 2351-2359 Giuffre L, Piccolo G, Rosell R, Pascale C, Heredia OS, Ciarlo E (2001) Anthropogenic effect on soil organic phosphorus fractions in tropical ecosystems. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 32 1621-1628 Gottlieb S (1976) The production and role of antibiotics in soil. J Antibiot 29 987-1000... 

Jones, A.S. and C.S. Hodges. 1974. Persistence of mirex and its effects on soil microorganisms. Jour. Agric. Food Chem. 22 435-439. 

Geology appears to be the main determinant of trace-element contents and mineralogical form - as defined using selective extractions. There is no indication that landuse per se has had a significant general effect on soil trace element geochemistry. 

Halvorson AD, Wienhold BJ, Black AL (2002) Tillage, nitrogen, and cropping effects on soil carbon sequestration. Soil Sd Am J 66 906-912... 

Decreased soil phosphatase activity and total P in aboveground plant biomass Increased microbial P mineralization (approx. 0.8 mg P kg-1 day1) and immobilization (approx. 6 mg P kg-1 day1) with higher moisture content No effect on soil phosphatase activities, plant P concentrations, or N/P ratios No effect on colonization of roots with mycorrhizae... 

Many definitions of sustainable agriculture are reported by literature, but all are related to the basic concept of a profitable crop production with no environmental pollution and depletion of farm and natural resources, including effects on soil, water, and biodiversity (Doran 2002 Francis et al. 2006). Soil solarization seems to fit the fundaments of sustainable agriculture as providing an effective and environmentally safe control of many soilbome pests and more competitive market positions and higher prices to pesticide-free products. 

Parham JA, Deng SP, Raun WR, Johnson GV (2002) Long-term cattle manure application in soil. I. Effect on soil phosphorus levels, microbial biomass C, and dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities. Biol Fertil Soils 35 328-337... 

Possible effects on soil hfe, plants (phytotoxicity) and on ground water are of concern in all types of ecosystems. Food quality criteria are, however, of relevance for arable land only, whereas possible secondary poisoning effects on domestic animals or terrestrial fauna are relevant in grassland and non-agricultural land. A final critical limit can be based on the most sensitive receptor. Even though effects vary for each metal, soil microbes and soil fauna are generally most sensitive. 

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