Chemical industry comparison with other

Water quality must be studied as well as quantity. Chemical and bacteriological examination will indicate the extent of treatment required and will aid in the development of water cost estimates for comparison with other locations. The possible contamination of the water source by other industries in the area should be anticipated. Note that "contamination" may consist of raising the temperature of the water to a level that renders its use as a cooling medium impossible. 

Comparison with other dangerous waste, such as from the chemical industry, appears to have little effect, possibly because that issue has been with us for a long time and is rarely in the headlines. 

This development resulted in a relatively satisfactory stock performance in comparison with other basic materials industries such as steel and, in general, was more or less in line with the market as a whole until the mid 1990s (Fig. 3.3). The Asian crisis, however, proved quite a setback - wiping an estimated USD 25 billion off the industry s economic profit (return on invested capital minus WACC times invested capital) for Asian companies alone. The recovery of the Asian markets saw no matching improvement in the perception of the chemical industry by... 

A comparison with other literature results highlighted the solubility issues that arise when comparing CO2 with conventional solvents. As shown in Table 3, the concentrations of the gases are higher in CO2 than in organic solvents. The substrate concentration in CO2 is almost an order of magnitude lower than those in conventional solvents. The fine chemical and pharmaceutical industries, where this technology will be most applicable will obtain typically lower substrate solubility because the substrates will be far more complex C02-phobic molecules. 

The most widespread activator used in rubber composition treatment is zinc oxide (zinc white). In comparison with other activators, it is cheaper and largely used in the chemical industry as raw material. 

In comparison with other brantdies of industry relatively few disturbances occur in the tliemical industry. However, the potential hazard involved in handling the chemical raw materials and products is relatively high. The substances must generally be handled under conditions of high pressure and temperature, and they are often... 

Chemical industries have been utilized as the derivatives of fats and oils for a long time. Fatty acid derivatives are effortless to handle in the existing hydrocarbon-based chemical transportation in comparison with other main plant components, such as proteins, lignin, and carbohydrates, due to their regular liquid nature and their small oxygen content. 

Working capital may vaty from a very small fraction of the total capital cost to almost the whole of the invested capital, depending on the process and the industiy For example, in jewelry-store operations, the Fixed capital is veiy small in comparison with the working capital. On the other hand, in the chemical-process industries, the working capital is hkely to be in the region or 10 to 20 percent of the value of the fixed-capital investment. 

The principal stresses (see Section 13.3.1) acting at a point in the wall of a vessel, due to a pressure load, are shown in Figure 13.1. If the wall is thin, the radial stress comparison with the other stresses, and the longitudinal and circumferential stresses o and <72 can be taken as constant over the wall thickness. In a thick wall, the magnitude of the radial stress will be significant, and the circumferential stress will vary across the wall. The majority of the vessels used in the chemical and allied industries are classified as thin-walled vessels. Thick-walled vessels are used for high pressures, and are discussed in Section 13.15. 

In the decision whether toxicity studies may be omitted at tonnage levels at or above 100 tons/year is appropriate or not, a TTC value might be used in the comparison with the available exposure information. However, due to limitations and uncertainties in the derivation of TTC values, as well as the fact that the TTC concept has not yet been evaluated for the diverse group of industrial chemicals and for different routes of exposure other than dietary, the Nordic group concluded that it is too premature to use the TTC concept within REACH. 

Chapter 10 provides an exhaustive description of how these techniques can be applied to a large number of industrial alloys and other materials. This includes a discussion of solution and substance databases and step-by-step examples of multi-component calculations. Validation of calculated equilibria in multi-component alloys is given by a detailed comparison with experimental results for a variety of steels, titanium- and nickel-base alloys. Further selected examples include the formation of deleterious phases, complex precipitation sequences, sensitivity factor analysis, intermetallic alloys, alloy design, slag, slag-metal and other complex chemical equilibria and nuclear applications. 

In conclusion biocatalysts have acquired many useful applications in a variety of different industries. These genuine commercial achievements are particularly impressive when judged in comparison with a realistic view of technical progress in other closely related fields. Thus one very large pharmaceutical company has introduced only three new fermentations in the last 25 years. In the future big advances are necessary in order to make substantial progress, for instance by learning how to carry out synthetic rather than just degradative reactions, so that effective competition with established chemical syntheses can be established. 

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