Other Industrial Emissions

Toluene diisocyanafe (TDl) is used to produce flexible polyurethane foam and is available as two positional isomers (2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDl) and a mixture of these known as 80/20 TDL Exposure to high levels of 2,4-TDI by inhalation causes severe irritation of the skin, eyes, and nose and produces nausea and vomiting. Inhalation exposure at low levels has caused an asthma-like reaction characterized by wheezing, dyspnea, and bronchial constriction in industry workers. 

Bromine and some brominated compounds have also been monitored in ambient air at a chemical plant in Israel. In the IMS drift tube, bromide ions (Br) are usually the only stable ions in negative polarity and are formed from organobromine compounds. However, Brj- was formed from molecular bromine as an adduct ion of Bt2 and Br when bromine levels were at elevated concentration. Measurements in storerooms at the production plant showed levels below 

10 ppb, and measurements in production areas were detectable and affected by air currents near the reactors. Still, airborne vapors of bromine were below 30 ppb and below the 100 ppb threshold of exposure for an 8-h time-weighted average. This is an example, as described previously with nicotine, when ion chemistry was strongly favored, and interferences such as water were insignificant. Since the spectral patterns for bromine in IMS are concentration dependent with three product ion peaks, neural networks were employed successfully for quantitative vapor determination of bromine in air.  

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Mining and smelting activities Other industrial emissions and effluents Traffic Fly ash... 

The oxides of sulfur are measured both in ambient air, where their concentration is usually a small fraction of one ppm, and in stacks and other industrial emissions, where their concentrations are in hundreds of ppm. As already discussed in Section 3.2.11, sulfur dioxide absorbs radiation over a broad range of wavelengths, which includes both the IR (Table 3.20) and UV regions. 

Plastics degradation due to atmospheric loads is influenced to various degrees by various factors, such as heat, radiation (UV and IR), rain, humidity, atmospheric pollution (NO j, SO2 and O3 and other industrial emissions), thermal cycles, and the oxygen content of air. None of these factors is locally and temporally constant. In order to obtain as precise a prediction of service life as possible, all factors relevant to the corresponding environment have to be given consideration [65]. 

There are, however, relatively pronounced regional and temporal differences in the lead isotopic compositions of contaminant leads in the environment. These have often reflected differences in the isotopic compositions of lead alkyl additives in gasolines, as well as differences in other industrial emissions of lead (Elias et al. 1982 Flegal et al. 1989 Patterson and Settle 1987 Manton 1985 Rabinowitz 1987 Rabinowitz and Wetherill 1972 Smith et al. 1990, 1992a Sturges and Barrie 1987 Tera et al. 1985). These... 

The control of carbon dioxide emission from burning fossil fuels in power plants or other industries has been suggested as being possible with different methods, of which sequestration (i.e., collecting CO2 and injecting it to the depth of the seas) has been much talked about recently. Besides of the obvious cost and technical difficulties, this would only store, not dispose of, CO2 (although natural processes in the seas eventually can form carbonates, albeit only over very long periods of time). 

Control technology requirements vary according to the scale of operation and type of emission problem. For instance, electrostatic precipitator design requirements for fly-ash control from 1000-MW coal-fired power boilers differ from those for a chemical process operation. In the discussion that follows, priority is given to control technology for the CPI as opposed to the somewhat special needs of other industries. 

Chromium Exposure Levels and U.S. Government Regulations. The level of exposure to chromium compounds for employees in industry and for the general population via waste disposal and industrial emissions is the subject of much regulation, research, and controversy. Some U.S. Government regulations, such as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and LiabiUty Act (CERCLA), also known as the Superfund Act, make no distinction as to the oxidation state of chromium (144). However, there is valence distinction in other regulations. 

Heavy metals on or in vegetation and water have been and continue to be toxic to animals and fish. Arsenic and lead from smelters, molybdenum from steel plants, and mercury from chlorine-caustic plants are major offenders. Poisoning of aquatic life by mercury is relatively new, whereas the toxic effects of the other metals have been largely eliminated by proper control of industrial emissions. Gaseous (and particulate) fluorides have caused injury and damage to a wide variety of animals—domestic and wild—as well as to fish. Accidental effects resulting from insecticides and nerve gas have been reported. 

Other industries of interest are (1) the manufacturing of spices and flavorings, which may use activated carbon filters to remove odors from their exhaust stream (2) the tanning industry, which uses afterburners or activated carbon for odor removal and wet scrubbers for dust removal and (3) glue and rendering plants, which utilize sodium hypochlorite scrubbers or afterburners to control odorous emissions. 

Flare and Burners - Certainly the oldest and still widely used technology through some parts of the world is flaring. Flares are used in the petroleum, petrochemical, and other industries that require the disposal of waste gases of high concentration of both a continuous or intermittent basis. As other thermal oxidation technologies, the three T s of combustion of time, temperature, and turbulence are necessary to achieve adequate emission control. 

Emissions monitoring is essential in controlling industrial environments and processes to ensure good air quality standards are maintained. It is also required in order that the various regulations and guidelines related to air quality are met. In addition to gaseous emissions, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and many others, the emissions of particulate material and heavy metals must also be controlled. 

The BiodeNOx process is a novel process concept to reduce NO emissions from flue gases of stationary sources like power plants and other industrial activities [1]. The concept combines a wet chemicd absorption process with a novel biotechnological regeneration method. In the wet chemical absorption step, flue gas components are absorbed into an aqueous solution of Fe"(EDTA) (EDTA= ethylme-diamino-tetraacetic acid). The following reactions take place ... 

Reductions in U.S. mercuiy emissions from medical and municipal waste incinerators and other industrial sectors have already occurred. Additional emission reductions from some coal-fired power plants have also already begun as co-benefits from technologies used to control SO2 and NO emissions. These mercury emissions from power plants are, however, expected to be reduced further over the next few decades. Meanwhile, changes in mercuiy emissions in other parts of the world may also affect some U.S. ecosystems. 

Carbon capture and storage technology is the most promising technology to significantly decrease C02 emissions. Nevertheless, it may be possible to use C02 as a raw material for other industrial uses. In this chapter, authors explain both ways to decrease C02 emissions. 

On January 1, 1977, the chemical industry truly became a regulated industry. The environmental laws up until that time had covered some chemicals, but had been media oriented. That is — they were concerned about certain chemicals that escaped as emissions or pollutants to various media - the air, our water, contaminated our food or entered the workplace. TSCA changed that direction. It was designed to regulate commerce on chemical substances. TSCA potentially applies to all chemicals manufactured, processed, distributed or used in the U.S. except those chemicals already regulated under certain other federal laws. TSCA affects not only the chemical industry itself, but the many other industries whose products are chemical in nature. This includes most all industrial products. 

The observed ambient organic aerosol formation rates are also consistent with those estimated by extrapolation of smog-chamber kinetic data. Other heavy unsaturates, such as styrene and indene, are present in the atmosphere and may contribute, in part, to the formation of benzoic acid and homophthalic acid, respectively. Diesel exhaust and industrial emission are possible sources of such heavy unsaturates. Diolefins of C6+ are not present in gasolines and exhaust gases and have not been found in the atmosphere, and their possible role as precursors of the Cs-7 difiinctional acidic compounds is seriously challenged. Lower diolefins are emitted in automobile exhaust. Examination of vapor-pressure data indicates that the bulk of their expected photooxidation products remains in the gas phase, including most of the less volatile C3-4 dicarboxylic acids. 

In response to recent federal and local environmental concerns (e.g., industrial emission controls and lead phase-out) and to the growing interest of refiners in cracking residual fuels, researchers have generated new families of cracking catalysts. There is now a need to review the merits of these newly developed materials. This volume contains contributions from researchers involved in the preparation and characterization of cracking catalysts. Other important aspects of fluid catalytic cracking, such as feedstocks and process hardware effects in refining, have been intentionally omitted because of time limitations and should be treated separately in future volumes. 

Wet ESPs have been used extensively in other industries. To date, there are three units installed on ECC units in North America. In all cases, SO3 and PM emissions... 

The principal cause of acid rain is the combustion of fossil fuels that produce sulfur and nitrogen emissions. The primary sources are electrical power plants, automobiles, and smelters. Power plants produce most of the sulfur emissions and automobiles most of the nitrogen emissions. Other sources of acid rain include nitrogen fertilizers, jet aircraft, and industrial emissions. Just as in our discussion of ozone, numerous reactions are involved in the formation of acid rain. The process can be understood by considering the transformation of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into their respective acidic forms sulfuric acid and nitric acid. Sulfur, present up to a few percent in fuels such as coal, is converted to sulfur dioxide when the fuel is burned. The sulfur dioxide reacts with water to produce sulfurous acid, H,SO ,, that is then oxidized to sulfuric... 

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