Use in Other Industries

The plasticizer range alcohols are utilized primarily in plasticizers, but they also have a wide range of uses in other industrial and consumer products, as... 

Today, carbon fibers are still mainly of interest as reinforcement in composite materials [7] where high strength and stiffness, combined with low weight, are required. For example, the world-wide consumption of carbon fibers in 1993 was 7,300 t (compared with a production capacity of 13,000 t) of which 36 % was used in aerospace applications, 43 % in sports materials, with the remaining 21 % being used in other industries. This consumption appears to have increased rapidly (at 15 % per year since the early 1980s), at about the same rate as production, accompanied by a marked decrease in fiber cost (especially for high modulus fibers). 

Thus, the systems used to monitor and control the process are conventional. Process materials (with the exception of agents and energetics), temperatures, and pressures used in this technology package are commonly used in other industrial applications, where they are routinely monitored and controlled. The usual collection of equipment for monitoring temperature, pressure, level control, flow, and other parameters normally measured in a chemical plant is used. The analytical procedures to be used to monitor certain streams will be new, and they present the greatest uncertainty. 

Feedstock petroleum as it is fed to the refinery a refinery product that is used as the raw material for another process the term is also generally applied to raw materials used in other industrial processes. 

The epoxidation of vegetable oil triglycerides is a well-known technology. Epoxidized vegetable oils found use in other industrial applications before their... 

More than 80% of all sodium chlorite produced is used for the generation of chlorine dioxide. Sodium chlorite is also used in disinfectant formulations and sterilization. Like chlorine dioxide, it must be registered with EPA under FIFRA for each specific application use as a disinfection. Sodium chlorite is used in other industrial settings in NO and SO combustion flue gas scrubber systems in the treatment and removal of toxic and odorous gases such as hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans and as a solution formulation to oxidize copper surfaces in multilayer circuit boards (Kaczur and Cawlfield 1993). 

Every year the U.S paper industry produces over 33 million metric tons of kraft lignin (1). Most of this biomass is burned as fuel but small amounts are used as binders, asphalt additives, or cement additives. Larger fractions of this waste would be used in other industrial or commercial processes if an economical way existed to convert lignin into a marketable product with sufficient profit margin to compensate for the loss of the fuel. 

A timely and systematic approach is needed for the independent review of excipients to encourage the development of new excipients. A number of independent review models are used in other industries, such as food, cosmetics, and medical devices, and could be adapted to the review of excipients. IPEC is currently surveying its members to determine which system might be most useful (28), and IPEC has developed an Excipient Master File Guide to standardize and harmonize the information needed to review a new excipient (29). The format of the master file is modeled after the electronic ICH CTD for presenting chemistry, manufacturing, and controls and safety information. 

Health care traditionally has lagged behind other industries in quality improvement. It has been suggested that medicine should follow the lead of the airline and other industries by using quality management to decrease unnecessary variation and improve quality (Leape, 1994). An IOM report supported this contention when the authors suggested that the American health care system can improve the quality of care by borrowing techniques used in other industries to standardize processes (Kohn, 2000). Many of these techniques are based on systems theory. 

The raw minerals mined from natural deposits comprise mixtures of different specific minerals. An early step in mineral processing is to use crushing and grinding to free these various minerals from each other. In addition, these same processes may be used to reduce the mineral particle sizes to make them suitable for a subsequent separation process. Non-ferrous metals such as copper, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, mercury, and antimony are typically produced from mineral ores containing these metals as sulfides (and sometimes as oxides, carbonates, or sulfates) [91,619,620], The respective metal sulfides are usually separated from the raw ores by flotation. Flotation processes are also used to concentrate non-metallic minerals used in other industries, such as calcium fluoride, barium sulfate, sodium and potassium chlorides, sulfur, coal, phosphates, alumina, silicates, and clays [91,619,621], Other examples are listed in Table 10.2, including the recovery of ink in paper recycling (which is discussed in Section 12.5.2), the recovery of bitumen from oil sands (which is discussed further in Section 11.3.2), and the removal of particulates and bacteria in water and wastewater treatment (which is discussed further in Section 9.4). 

These gas separation processes have also been adapted for use in other industries. For example, the Fetzer Winery in Redwood Valley, California, uses a membrane separator to produce a nitrogen-rich atmosphere for its fermentation tanks to prevent oxygen-driven decomposition of the wine. 

Magnesium silicate is widely used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetics industries, in addition to its uses in other industrial fields (including, rubber, paints, paper, and plastic). 

In the final stages of metal production, the finished product is formed into some shape that can be used in other industries to make final products. Thus, steel can be purchased in the form of flat sheets, rings, wire rope and thread, slabs, cylinders, and other shapes. 

The method developed for layer-by determination of extent of deactivaticMi for Claus catalysts has universal application and may be used in other industrial piocesses with a stationary catalyst bed. 

Analytical HPLC necessarily includes a detector on the outlet from the column, which responds to the presence of analytes in the solvent stream. Narrow-bore columns and fine particle sizes are used to achieve the best possible resolution. Although analytical HPLC is used in the fragrance industry to investigate the non-volatile fractions of essential oils and product bases, for example, it is much more widely used in other industries (such as the pharmaceutical industry, for which it is the main research tool). 

By Acquisition. A chemical industry long devoted to growth through the development of new products quickly learned that it had to be aware of the technologies used by other industries if it were to succeed. While the industry has always been its own largest customer, eventually its products or the action of its products on other materials had to be used in other industries. 

Proteases are enzymes that break down protein molecules through peptide bond hydrolysis [1]. They are commercially employed in many industrial processes. In foods, proteases have two main applications in the processing of traditional food products and in the processing of new protein-based ingredients called functional foods [2]. Proteases are also used in other industrial segments such as leather industry, pharmaceutical, waste management, and the detergent industry. Currently, microbial proteases make up approximately 40% of total enzyme sales [3, 4]. 

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