Comparison with other industries

While industrial benchmarks clearly indicate that pharmaceutical manufacturers have many opportunities to improve quality control, direct comparison with other industries may be somewhat misleading. As opposed to such industries as semiconductor manufacturing, where defective parts are often readily apparent at some... 

We must, however, be careful not to pursue utopian visions of harmony or ambitious desires to be trusted. Comparisons with other industries have shown that the highest realistic level for trustworthiness is around 60 percent, and the realistic minimum when stricter controls are being called for is around 40 percent. These figures ultimately represent the bounds of the possible in a pluralist society with its inherent conflicts of interest. Against this background, we have to find a credible way of communicating the fact that companies need to make profits and, at the same time, that they do accept social responsibility. 

Scientific literacy in the United States during the decades of the 70 s and 80 s has declined dramatically in comparison with other industrialized nations. This decline jeopardizes our economic, social and scientific status within the world. 

While overall there has been a decline in the extent of fatal injuries, the construction industry incidence rate is nearly five times that of the manufacturing industries, and in comparison with other industries the accident rate... 

This section will first present the particularities of adhesive bonding for this industry. There are a number of specific marine requirements, resulting from regulatory requirements, the way marine structures are assembled, and the environment they meet in service. Thus, when considering adhesive bonding of structures for marine applications, in comparison with other industrial applications, the following points need particular attention ... 

Water quality must be studied as well as quantity. Chemical and bacteriological examination will indicate the extent of treatment required and will aid in the development of water cost estimates for comparison with other locations. The possible contamination of the water source by other industries in the area should be anticipated. Note that "contamination" may consist of raising the temperature of the water to a level that renders its use as a cooling medium impossible. 

Each industrial subcategory is broken into core and additional allocation operations. The core is defined as those operations that always occur in the subcategory or do not affect the waste-water characteristics from the subcategory facilities (e.g., dry operations, zero-pollutant-allocation operations, or operations that contribute insignificant pollutants and wastewater volume in comparison with other streams). These operations that do not contribute to the wastewater characteristics will not occur at every plant, which should not affect wastewater treatment. 

Comparison with other dangerous waste, such as from the chemical industry, appears to have little effect, possibly because that issue has been with us for a long time and is rarely in the headlines. 

Co-payment is an instrument that should not be used on its own. Neither efficiency in drag use nor equity nor the control of pharmaceutical expenditure can rest solely on co-payment. Its effectiveness is reinforced when it is combined with other instruments and incentives. In fact, all European countries combine, in different doses and proportions, multiple instruments that influence the behaviour of the industry, prescribes and patients. It is sufficient to recall that pharmaceutical expenditure is the product of price by quantity, and to consider the enormous international variability of drag prices,35 in order to understand the limitations of co-payment regulation in comparison with other policies that influence prices. Policies aimed at price control can be as effective as co-payment - or more so - for purposes of cost containment. 

Hydrogen will possibly play a major role among prospective energy carriers, and the most suitable method for industrial hydrogen production is water electrolysis. Membrane cells provide much better efficiency in comparison with other methods.27... 

ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTIVITY AND RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS. Industrial interest in the measurement of electrolytic conductivity (of which electrolytic resistivity is the reciprocal) arises chiefly from its usefulness as a measure of ion concentrations in water solutions. Also, by comparison with other analytical methods, this is relatively simple and inexpensive. 

The most important property of a catalyst for application in a process is not its activity but rather its selectivity, followed by its stability, which is just activity integrated over time. In comparison with other catalysts, enzymes often feature superior selectivity, especially regio- and enantioselectivity. Enzymes are destined for selective synthesis of molecules with several similar functional groups or chiral centers. A growing emphasis is laid on the synthesis of enantiomerically pure compounds (EPCs). The interest in EPCs shown by all areas of the life science industries (e.g., pharmaceuticals, food and agriculture), stems from the challenge to develop structurally optimized inhibitors, almost always containing chiral centers. 

In this chapter, Section 10.2 gives an overview of the operation of the Argonne centrifugal contactor. Section 10.3 focuses on the design principles for this contactor. Section 10.4 discusses the worldwide applications of this contactor to solvent-extraction processes of interest to the nuclear and other industries. Comparisons with other types of contactors are made throughout the text, and a separate section is devoted to them in Section 10.4. However, because of their widespread use and the author s particular experience with them, the ANL contactor and its variations remain the primary focus. 

The whole cost of the process depends on such different parameters as reactant concentration, electrolyte composition or cell design and a reliable comparison with other technologies is often impeded by the lack of data on industrial or at least on pilot scale. 

In comparison with other laboratories techniques in polymer chemistry, radiochemical synthesis seems to be a large-scaled experiment, expensive, and exotic. But this is only partially true. There exist industrial facilities like electron accelerators and... 

Rate Comparisons With Other Catalysts. It is of interest to compare the space-time-yield for Rh-Mo/A1203 catalyst and industrial Cu/Zn0/A1203 catalysts. The space-time-yield STY, for Rh-7.5%Mo/Al203 at 250 at 36,000 GHSV in g/hr/ml catalyst corresponds to 1.0 for all products, 0.76 for oxygenates and hydrocaibons, or 0.4 for oxygenate liquids (0.51 ml /. Commercial catalysts are said to produce about 0.5 ml methanol/hr/gm cat. Tbus... 

This development resulted in a relatively satisfactory stock performance in comparison with other basic materials industries such as steel and, in general, was more or less in line with the market as a whole until the mid 1990s (Fig. 3.3). The Asian crisis, however, proved quite a setback - wiping an estimated USD 25 billion off the industry s economic profit (return on invested capital minus WACC times invested capital) for Asian companies alone. The recovery of the Asian markets saw no matching improvement in the perception of the chemical industry by... 

The recent history of CROs shows few business failures and, in comparison with other service suppliers, CROs are remarkably stable and resilient. Assessment of the financial stability of a CRO is, in general, very difficult to accomplish. Most CROs are private companies whose accounting practices differ. Some of the large CROs are publicly quoted, and hence regularly publish their accounts and projection, but these account for less than 2% of the total number of CROs worldwide. This 2%, however, represents about half of gross revenues for the CRO industry. 

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