Inland seas

Occurrence. Magnesium bromide [7789-48-2] MgBr2, is found in seawater, some mineral springs, natural brines, inland seas and lakes such as the Dead Sea and the Great Salt Lake, and salt deposits such as the Stassfurt deposits. In seawater, it is the primary source of bromine (qv). By the action of chlorine gas upon seawater or seawater bitterns, bromine is formed (see Chemicals frombrine). 

The western phosphates are sedimentary deposits in adjoining areas of Wyoming, Idaho, and Utah derived from a former inland sea. They consist of layers of limestone, phosphate, and chert, now budded and faulted so they are rarely horizontal. The phosphate ore is strip-mined using large earth-moving equipment such as shovels, scrappers, dump tmcks, and bulldozers to mine the overburden and phosphate ore. Mining ratios of overburden to metric ton of recovered ore are from 1—3 m /1 (2—4 yd /short ton). The typical mining practice is to remove ore and overburden from a pit in discrete layers (Lifts) of 10—20 m in depth. Overburden from the pit is back-hauled to a previously mined pit. Extensive land reclamation practices are later carried out to return the mine areas to natural states. 

Minerals of sodium sulfate occur naturally throughout the world. The deposits result from evaporation of inland seas and terminal lakes. Colder climates, such as those found ia Canada and the former Soviet Union, favor formation of mirabilite. Warmer climates, such as those found ia South America, India, Mexico, and the western United States, favor formation of thenardite. In areas where other anions and cations are present, double salts can be found of the kiads shown ia Table 2, which Hsts nearly all naturally occurring minerals containing sodium sulfate. Except for mirabilite, thenardite, and astrakanite, these mineral deposits play a minor role ia sodium sulfate production. 

Chlorine is the twentieth most abundant element in crustal rocks where it occurs to the extent of 126 ppm (cf. nineteenth V, 136 ppm, and twenty-first Cr, 122 ppm). The vast evaporite deposits of NaCl and other chloride minerals have already been described (pp. 69, 73). Dwarfing these, however, are the inconceivably vast reserves in ocean waters (p. 69) where more than half the total average salinity of 3.4 wt% is due to chloride ions (1.9 wt%). Smaller quantities, though at higher concentrations, occur in certain inland seas and in subterranean brine wells, e.g. the Great Salt Lake, Utah (23% NaCl) and the Dead Sea, Israel (8.0% NaCl, 13.0% MgCU, 3.5% CaCU). 

Global warming would also be expected to influence surface waters such as lakes and streams, through changes induced in the hydrologic cycle. However, the last published report of the IPCC states no clear evidence of widespread change in annual streamflows and peak discharges of rivers in the world (IPCC, 1995, p. 158). Wliile lake and inland sea levels have fluctuated, the IPCC also points out that local effects make it difficult to use lake levels to monitor climate variations. 

The evaporation of water from a saturated solution leaves a solution in which the ion concentrations exceed the solubility limit. To return to equilibrium, the salt must precipitate from the solution. Evaporation is used to mine sodium chloride and other salts from the highly salty waters of inland seas such as Great Salt Lake in Utah and Israel s Dead Sea. 

Kelley, R. 1998. Battling the Inland Sea Floods, Public Policy and the Sacramento Valley. University of California Press, Berkeley, California. 

Nakamura, Y. (2001). Autoecology of the heart urchin, Echinocardium cordatum, in the muddy sediment of the Seto Inland Sea, Japan, Journal of Marine Biology, 81, 289-297. 

Akutsu K, Obana H, Okihashi M, et al. 2001. GC/MS analysis of polybrominated diphenyl in fish collected from the inland sea of Seto, Japan. Chemosphere 44 1325-1333. 

Sea Water—Aqua Marina,—The waters of the ocean and inland seas are comprised under this head. It ib rather a remarkable fact that the Dead Sea differs greatly in its constitution from sca-wator, and might, as stated by Pebeiba, to whose excellent work the Editor is indebted for most of the preceding valuable information, be ranked amongst mineral waters. 

To this author, the diverse distribution patterns of these elements appear to confirm the paleogeological setting of the sedimentary conditions in the Interior Coal Province in Pennsylvanian time. Schuchert (7) showed that the drainage of the eastern parts of the inland sea in Pennsylvanian time was to the west between the Ozark uplift and the upland south of the present Ouachita Mountains. McDaniel (3) stated that the sedimentary transport direction of the Hartshome Sandstone was from east-northeast to west-southwest. Most of... 

Summary of Known and Inferred Subaquatic Gas-Hydrate Occurrences in Atlantic Ocean, Polar Oceans, Continents, and in Inland Seas and Lakes... 

Waters of oceans/seas near the tropics have the highest salinity. Near the equator and the poles, the salinity is low. Salinity of inland seas and lakes is high. Why Salinity of some inland lakes are given below. 

Sodium and potassium chlorides occur in nature the former in the sea, which contains from 3.8 to 3.9 per cent. Deposits, which have undoubtedly been formed by the drying up of inland seas, are found in many places. At Stassfurth in S. Germany there are large deposits of all the salts present in sea-water, including common salt, chlorides and sulphates of magnesium, potassium, and sodium, and calcium sulphate these have been deposited in layers in the order of their solubilities, the less soluble salts being deposited first. Bromides and iodides are also present in minute quantity in the residues from the evaporation of sea-water. 

The venues of the symposia have provided unique opportunities to visit scenic and cultural sites throughout the world. These sites have included the national parks in Utah cathedrals and palaces in Europe, Korea, and Japan dinner cmises on the Inland Sea from Hiroshima to Miyajima and on the canals of the Netherlands the Edinburgh Tattoo at Edinburgh Castle historic sites in Jerusalem beautiful beaches of Hawaii Jean-Marie Lehn presenting an organ recital in the Sheffield cathedral the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, and ancient Tuscany villages in Italy. These visits provided opportunity for informal contact and increased the appreciation of the participants for the cultural and scenic values in other locations. 

Figure 1.3. p,p DDE levels (average of five specimens data in each location) in fishes (Sea bass) in Tokyo Bay, Osaka Bay and Seto Inland sea between 1978 and 2000. 

Similar trends are also observed in PCB levels in Sea bass in the three coastal water environments as shown in Fig. 1.4. Again a clear decreasing trend was seen in Seto Inland sea, while the levels in Tokyo Bay are rather flat with a couple of fluctuations. The time trend in Osaka Bay is more or less similar to Tokyo Bay but with no clear decrease in recent decades. The difference between / ,//-DDE and PCB time trends in Osaka Bay might reflect either the difference in recent loading of the compounds to the Bay or the difference in their pollution histories. 

Akutsu, K., Obana, H., Okihashi, M., Kitagawa, M., Nakazawa, H., Matsuki, Y., Makino, T., Oda, H., Hori, S., 2001. GC/MS analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish collected from the Inland Sea of Seto, Japan. Chemosphere 44, 1325-1333. 

In less than an hour and a half, we pass over the last foothill of the Sierra Nevada Mountains and begin to drop down into the Central Valley. Straight ahead, fifty miles to the west is the Coast Range. Millions of years ago, erosion from these two parallel mountain ranges deposited sediments onto the floor of the valley that was once an inland sea, creating soil that is deep brown, loamy, and rich in nutrients. Today this fertile soil supports the most productive agricultural land in the world, supplying 25% of all the food produced in the United States. 

Kvasov DD (1975) Late Quaternary history of major lakes and inland seas of Eastern Europe. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian)... 

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