Temperature values

Current steam pressure and temperature values on each monitored component ... 

Different plant operating conditions (steady load, load variations, startups / shutdowns) have been encountered during the monitoring period. Electrical load, steam pressure and steam temperature values vs time have been acquired and stored during the entire period. At the same time, the RMS values of the acoustical background noise were have been continuously checked and stored, thus providing a quick check of proper instrumentation condition and a correlation between variations of plant parameters and the acoustical behaviour of the components. 

Load bearing capabiUties are dependent upon the adherend, joint design, rate of loading, and temperature. Values given represent the type of adherends normally used at room temperature. Lap shear values approximate those obtainable from an overlap of 3.2 cm. ... 

Glass-transition temperatures are commonly determined by differential scanning calorimetry or dynamic mechanical analysis. Many reported values have been measured by dilatometric methods however, methods based on the torsional pendulum, strain gauge, and refractivity also give results which are ia good agreement. Vicat temperature and britde poiat yield only approximate transition temperature values but are useful because of the simplicity of measurement. The reported T values for a large number of polymers may be found ia References 5, 6, 12, and 13. 

Fig. 1. The Mo—Re ahoy system, where the insert shows the more compHcated midrange (6). Temperatures (values with °) are given on lines in centigrade.

Fig. 2. The W—Re ahoy system (6). Temperature (values with °) in centigrade other values — at. % Re.

In contrast to the behavior of most glasses, the elastic moduli of vitreous siUca increase with temperature, reaching a maximum at 1100—1200°C. The maximum is approximately 10% higher than the room temperature value (153). The high temperature values, however, are probably not accurate readings of the instantaneous moduli because viscous deformation is possible above 1000°C. 

Fig. 6. Speed of sound in water and steam as a function of temperature. Values given correspond to pressures in MPa. To convert MPa to psi, multiply by...

The KTTS depends upon an absolute 2ero and one fixed point through which a straight line is projected. Because they are not ideally linear, practicable interpolation thermometers require additional fixed points to describe their individual characteristics. Thus a suitable number of fixed points, ie, temperatures at which pure substances in nature can exist in two- or three-phase equiUbrium, together with specification of an interpolation instmment and appropriate algorithms, define a temperature scale. The temperature values of the fixed points are assigned values based on adjustments of data obtained by thermodynamic measurements such as gas thermometry. 

As-polymerized PVDC does not have a well-defined glass-transition temperature because of its high crystallinity. However, a sample can be melted at 210°C and quenched rapidly to an amorphous state at <—20°C. The amorphous polymer has a glass-transition temperature of — 17°C as shown by dilatometry (70). Glass-transition temperature values of —19 to — 11°C, depending on both method of measurement and sample preparation, have been determined. 

Bottles of carbonated beverage are tested for carbonation using a Zahm-Nagel or Ashcroft carbonation tester. The carbonation can be calculated from the measured pressure and temperature values. Canned beverage is tested for carbonation and air content using a Zahm air tester. 

Value given is at room temperature. Value in parenthesis is at casting temperature. Value given is minimum value. 

Electrical Properties at Low Temperatures The eleciiical resistivity of most pure metalhc elements at ambient and moderately low temperatures is approximately proportional to the absolute temperature. At very low temperatures, however, the resistivity (with the exception of superconductors) approaches a residual value almost independent of temperature. Alloys, on the other hand, have resistivities much higher than those of their constituent elements and resistance-temperature coefficients that are quite low. The electrical resistivity of alloys as a consequence is largely independent of temperature and may often be of the same magnitude as the room temperature value. 

Important flammability characteristics are the lower and upper flammability limits, the flash point, the minimum ignition energy, the minimum oxygen concentration, and the autoignition temperature. Values of some of these properties are published for many compounds (NFPA, 1994). These numbers have typically been developed under standardized test conditions. Process conditions may influence their values. 

In many cases, some boundary conditions are not well known or not known at all. Temperature boundary conditions can be obtained from thermal building-dynamics programs that allow the capture of spatial mean temperatures during a time period as long as a whole year. Some of these programs yield surface temperature values (e.g., TRNSYS), which can be used as temperature boundary conditions at the time of CFD study. 

The thermal comfort was evaluated with hourly mean values of the air temperature in the occupied zone, plotted against the maximum I h mean outdoor temperature value of the day. Only the period from April 1 to October 30 and only working hours (7 a.m. to 6 p.m. are considered. 7 his evaluation method is based on the Swiss standard SIA V382/2. The minimum and maximum allowable comfort temperatures are adapted to the usual activity and clothing levels of the workers in the hall (see Figs. 11.55 and 11.56). 

Resistance thermometers are made of a pure metal, such as platinum, nickel, or copper. The electrical resistance of such a material is almost linearly dependent on temperature. Resistance thermometers are stable, having a small drift. A widely used and the best-known resistance probe is the IW-100 probe, which is platinum, having a resistance of 100 ohms at the temperature of 0 °C. Other resistance values for PT probes are available. The resistance versus temperature values as well as tolerances for platinum probes are standardized. The shape and size of a resistance probe can vary considerably, resulting in changes in probe dynamics. 

Perhaps the most visible technical problems studied and the most data available on shock-compressed solids are focused on the loading portion of wave profiles. Often, the portion of the wave profile corresponding to the release of pressure to atmospheric, but elevated temperature, values is the more descriptive of solids in the high pressure state. 

As the room temperature value of the magnetic moment is considerably lower than the expected value for a Fs state (y -... 

The extreme temperature values given constitute the experimental range. For extrapolation to other temperatures, it is suggested that the data given be plotted as log k v,v, log T, or that use be made of the assumption that the ratio Ct,tx/k is practically independent of temperature (and of pressure, within moderate limits). 

Table 5 Glass transition temperature values for selected poly(organophosphazenes)...

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