Plasticized poly vinyl chloride

Plasticizers are high-boiling liquids which are solvents for PVC increasing addition reduces the Tg value of PVC until the material is rubbery, usually at levels above 30 phr by weight. Most commonly used plasticizers are Cg to C q derivatives of phthalic acid, e.g. dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and didecyl phthalate (DDP) the latter is less water-extractable, hence finding use for baby-pants. Phosphate plasticizers (e.g. trixylyl phosphate) are more expensive, more toxic but effectively enhance fire resistance. Aliphatic acid esters with Cg to C o are normally used in combination with phthalate plasticizers. 

Polymeric plasticizers, such as poly(propylene adipate) and poly(propylene sebacate), are non-volatile, non-migratory and resistant to hydrocarbon extraction. However, they are expensive and the compounds are difficult to manufacture. Extender plasticizers are not compatible with PVC but are miscible with plasticized PVC. A processor can use them to replace a part of the more expensive plasticizer content. Examples include chlorinated paraffin waxes, paraffin liquids or oil extracts. 

At lower additions of plasticizer (up to 10 phr), the expected softening behaviour is reversed and the compound increases in hardness and Tg. This anti-plasticization has been explained by increased crystallinity facilitated by plasticizer. 

Products made from PPVC based on suspension-grade polymer include calendered sheet domestic electric cable commercial damp courses garden hoses made by the extrusion process and automotive door seals and draught 

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Vinyl-Coated Fabrics. Leather substitutes are designed to imitate the appearance of leather with its grain surface. This requirement has been accomphshed by coating substances that are capable of forming a uniform film, and was first met by plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). A leather-like material termed vinyl-coated fabric was developed in the 1930s in the United States and Germany. Shortages of leather after World War 11 spurred the expansion of this material. 

About one million tons of plasticizers aie used annually in Western Europe. Some 92% of this total is used to plasticize poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and about 95% of these PVC plasticizers are phthalate esters. In spite of the fact that there are several hundred plasticizers in commercial use in the world, only relatively few (ie, phthalates) are used in amounts that make them significant in toimage terms, and hence in their likely environmental input and impact. 

Fig. 16. Diffusivities of penetrants in rigid (A) and plasticized ( ) poly(vinyl chloride) versus molecular diameter at 30°C (31).

A large volume usage of S—B—S-based compounds is ia footwear. Canvas footwear, such as sneakers and unit soles, can be made by injection mol ding. Frictional properties resemble those of conventionally vulcanised mbbers and are superior to those of the flexible thermoplastics, such as plasticized poly(vinyl chloride). The products remain flexible under cold conditions because of the good low temperature properties of the polybutadiene segment. 

Of interest is the manner in which cavities of the appropriate size are introduced into ion-selective membranes. These membranes typically consist of highly plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (see Membrane technology). Plasticizers (qv) are organic solvents such as phthalates, sebacates, trimelLitates, and organic phosphates of various kinds, and cavities may simply be the excluded volumes maintained by these solvent molecules themselves. More often, however, neutral carrier molecules (20) are added to the membrane. These molecules are shaped like donuts and have holes that have the same sizes as the ions of interest, eg, valinomycin [2001-95-8] C H QN O g, and nonactin [6833-84-7] have wrap around stmctures like methyl monensin... 

Crystallinity—about.i to 15% (213,232). The creep of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) polymers as a function of temperature, concentration, and kind of plasticizer has been studied by many workers, including Aiken et ai. (232), Neilscn ct ai. (234), and Sabia and Eirich (243). These last workers also studied stress relaxation (244). In the case of crystalline polymers, plasticizers and Copolymerization reduce the melting point and the degree of Crystallinity. These factors tend to increase the creep and stress relaxation, especially at temperatures approaching the melting point. 

It appears that Charlton et al.94,95 have discovered the first methods for reversible and continuous optical measurement of the clinically highly important alkali and earth alkali ions. In one approach94 they use plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) along with valinomycin as the ion carrier, and a detection scheme that was later refered to as co-extraction. In their system, potassium ion is extracted into plasticized PVC, and the same quantity of the anionic red dye erythrosine is co-extracted into it. The extracted erythrosine is quantified via absorbance or reflectance. 

Kawabata Y., Tahara R., Imasaka T., Ishibashi N., Fiber-optic potassium ion sensor using alkyl-acridine orange in plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membrane, Anal. Chem. 1990 62 1528. 

Bychkova and Shvarev [16] recently prepared nanosensors (0.2-20 pm) for sodium, potassium and calcium using the precipitation method. Similarly to the previous works, the plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) included a phenoxazine chro-moionophore, a lipophilic ion exchanger and a cation-selective ionophore. The dynamic range of the very selective sensors was 5 x 10 4-0.5 M for sodium, 1 x 10 5-0.1 M for potassium and 2 x 10 4 - 0.05 M for calcium. As was demonstrated by Bakker and co-workers [45] a particle caster can be used can be used for preparation of much larger beads (011 pm). 

Tsagkatakis I, Peperv S, Retter R, Bell M, Bakker E (2001) Monodisperse plasticized poly (vinyl chloride) fluorescent microspheres for selective ionophore-based sensing and extraction. Anal Chem 73 6083-6087... 

Another extreme case is surface grafting on to plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) film which is widely used for green house and covering. Although the grafting is easy, the graft layer is physically unstable and does not seem to stay on the surface. 

ISO 2898-1 1996 Plastics - Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-P) moulding and extrusion materials - Part 1 Designation system and basis for specifications ISO 2898-2 1997 Plastics - Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-P) moulding and extrusion materials - Part 2 Preparation of test specimens and determination of properties ISO 3114 1977 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes for potable water supply -Extractability of lead and tin - Test method... 

Isophorone is a solvent for a large number of natural and synthetic polymers, resins, waxes, fats, and oils. Specifically, it is used as a solvent for concentrated vinyl chloride/acetate-based coating systems for metal cans, other metal paints, nitrocellulose finishes, printing inks for plastics, some herbicide and pesticide formulations, and adhesives for plastics, poly(vinyl) chloride and polystyrene materials (Papa and Sherman 1981). Isophorone also is an intermediate in the synthesis of 3, 5-xylenol, 3, 3, 5-trimethylcyclohexanol (Papa and Sherman 1981), and plant growth retardants (Haruta et al. 1974). Of the total production, 45-65% is used in vinyl coatings and inks, 15-25% in agricultural formulations, 15-30% in miscellaneous uses and exports, and 10% as a chemical intermediate (CMA 1981). 

Wurstlin, F. The electrical conductivity of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride). Kunstst. Technol. 11, 269 (1941). 

Plastic membrane 60 Plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) 75 Platinum complex 634... 

The incorporation of vitamin B12 derivatives into plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membranes has resulted in the development of several ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). The response of the electrodes has been related to principles of molecular recognition chemistry. In addition, ISEs have been prepared by electropolymerization of a cobalt porphyrin. These electrodes have selectivity properties that are controlled by both the intrinsic selectivity of the metalloporphyrin and the characteristics of the polymer film (e.g., pore size). 

Polyurethanes show particularly good results when used for bonding plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) compositions and good results also with other plastics and rubbers, such as the thermoplastic styrene-butadiene-styrene ( SBS ) copolymers. 

Other Transient Interactions. The PVA/borax example dealt with the effects of surface exposure of a two-component polymer system to a wetting liquid. We discovered a practical example of this class of phenomena in a plasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) system. A peculiar plasticizer (tetraethyl methylene bisphosphonate) for PVC has been found (6) which has the unusual property of exuding out of PVC immediately upon exposure to high humidity. The plasticizer quickly re-enters the resin when the humidity is reduced. A film of 60% resin and 40% plasticizer was solvent cast from tetrahydrofuran onto an impedometer bar and was subjected to sudden high humidity exposure. 

No.26, 1998, p.6755-65 INFLUENCE OF PLASTICIZER CONFIGURATIONAL CHANGES ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HIGHLY PLASTICIZED POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)... 

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES PF PLASTICIZED POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) EFFECT OF DRAWING AND FILLER ORIENTATION... 

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