Solubilizing activity

No clinical use, used in some medicinal drugs to solubilize active compounds. 

Solubilizing activity are also used in enhanced oil recovery. Tar and extremely viscous hydrocarbons are recovered by the injection of an aqueous solution of an anionic orthophosphate ester surfactant into a petroleum formation, retaining the surfactant in the formation for about 24 h, and displacing the solubilized hydrocarbons toward a recovery well. The surfactant forms an oil microemulsion with the hydrocarbons in the formation. An anionic monoorthophosphate ester surfactant which is a free acid of an organic phosphate ester was dissolved in water. The input of surfactant solution was 2-25% of the pore volume of the formation [250]. To produce a concentrate for the manufacture... 

F. Lapeyrie, J. Ranger, and D. Vairelles, Phosphate-solubilizing activity of ectoniy-corrhizal fungi in vitro. Can. J. Bol. 69 342 (1991). 

Table I. Cellulase (Cotton-Solubilizing) Activity of Ci, Cx, and / -Glucosidase of T. koningii and F. solani> when Acting Alone and in Combination0...

Cellulase (cotton-solubilizing) activity was determined by mixing the respective C1 components with an excess of Cx and 0-glucosidase and then incubating for 7 days at 37°C (21). 

Table III. Cellulase (Cotton-Solubilizing) Activity of the Ci Component of F. solani Separated by Isoelectric Focusing, when Recombined with Cx and / -Glucosidase"...

Table VI. Synergistic Effects on Cellulase (Cotton-Solubilizing) Activity Shown by Some Fungal Culture Filtrates, when Supplemented with Ci from T. koningii or P. funiculosum Cellulasesa...

Blend time to solubilize active ingredients Gelatin mass mix time and temperature Die rotation speed Gelatin ribbon thickness Relative humidity of encapsulation room Bulk assay Dissolution Average fill weight Dosage form assay Microbial content... 

Ethers (e.g. THF and diethyl ether) in high quantities are known to be strong catalyst poisons which interact with vacant Nd sites. This was proven by Wilson and Hsieh et al. who used ethers as solvents in Nd-catalyzed diene polymerization [134,175]. On the other hand ethers are applied beneficially in small amounts in Nd-halide-based catalyst systems in order to solubilize active Nd species (Sect 2.1.1.1). 

Bile salts are amphiphilic molecules that are surface active and self-associate to form micelles in aqueous solution. They increase corneal permeability by changing the rheological properties of the bilayer [231], A number of bile salts such as deoxy-cholate, taurodeoxycholate, and glycocholate have been tested so far, and it was suggested, that a difference in their physicochemical properties (solubilizing activity, lipophilicity, Ca2+ sequestration capacity) is probably related to their performance as permeability-enhancing agents [36]. 

Lapeyrie, F., Ranger, J. Vairelles, D. (1991). Phosphate-solubilizing activity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in vitro. Canadian Journal of Botany, 69, 342-6. 

A similar linear relationship between the concentrations of povidone and solubilized active ingredient was found for sulindac [604]. 

Clioquinol (CQ) was initially tested on post-mortem AD brain for its Ab solubilizing activity. These studies revealed that CQ doubled the amount of soluble Ab in brain extracts [179]. CQ was subsequently tested in APP transgenic mice (Tg2576) in a 12-week blind, controlled study [179]. An amount of 20 mg/kg daily of CQ significantly reduced the level of insoluble Ab in brain extracts. A further 9-week study (30 mg/kg daily) was performed on older mice (21 months versus 12 months in the earlier study). In this case, in-... 

Chemically solubilized active principles render possible the preparation of parenteral, and especially intravenous forms appreciated in the clinical practice. But even at the preclinical level, the use of water-soluble molecules is recommended as they are effectively much easier to study by in vitro tests, in cell or microorganism cultures and on isolated organs. The inconveniences are that chemically modified sfructures may show modified pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties. 

In addition to applications as surfactants and in personal care prodncts, block copolymer micelles have been extensively investigated as nanoparticles for solubilizing active agents for drug delivery (100,101,126,127), or as nanoreactors for the production of inorganic nanoparticles, eg, of metals with potential applications in catalysis (128,129). An alternative approach is to form vesicles (bilayers wrapped round into a spherical shell) (130,131). These may be cross-linked or polymerized to form hollow shell nanoparticles (132-134). 

Vesicles are ideal systems for cosmetic apphcations. They offer a convenient method for solubilizing active substances in the hydrocarbon core of the bilayer. They will always form a lamellar liquid crystalline structure on the skin and, therefore, they do not disrupt the structure of the stratum corneum. No facUitated trans-dermal transport is possible, thus eliminating skin irritation (unless the surfactant molecules used for making the vesicles are themselves skin irritants). Indeed, phospholipid liposomes may be used as in vitro indicators for studying skin irritation by surfactants [14]. 

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