OR criterion

Both individual and societal risks may be presented on an absolute basis compared to a specific risk target or criterion. Or, they may be presented on a relative basis to avoid arguments regarding the adequacy of the absolute numbers while preserving the salient differences between alternatives. The end results of the risk presentation may be a single number (or a range of numbers if an uncertainty analysis was performed) or one or more graphs. 

The word criterion is used of a principle or thing we choose to use as a standard when judging a situation. The plural or criterion is criteria, not criterions. ... 

In many instances, though not normally for food additives and contaminants, the numerical value of a characteristic (or criterion) in a Standard is dependent on the procedures used to ascertain its value. This illustrates the need for the (sampling and) analysis provisions in a Standard to be developed at the same time as the numerical value of the characteristics in the Standard are negotiated to ensure that the characteristics are related to the methodological procedures prescribed. 

The need for formal logics in optimization and the need for unattended optimization is probably the largest in chromatography, especially in liquid chromatography. Figure 13 shows a schematic representation of a chromatographic system with the controllable and uncontrollable, or fixed factors The output signal is a sequence of clock-shaped peaks, which represent the separated compounds. A first problem encountered in optimization is to decide which parameter or criterion will be optimized. In spectrometry, the criterion is more or less obvious e.g. sensitivity. In chromato-... 

When different laboratories obtain different values this can point to a real difference in value of the measu-rands, or it can be caused by variations in the measurement parameters of the method during the measurement process (for homogeneous samples). But differences, observed by different parties, do not, in themselves, provide proof of correctness . This requires an independent, external indicator or criterion, or correction, which enables one to convert the demonstrated interlaboratory reproducibility (a form of precision ) into accuracy . Failing to show proof of this makes it impossible to present a statement of accuracy . 

Compare the results of the first two steps with a target or criterion and decide whether it is necessary to act to reduce the incident s frequency or severity. 

Avoiding double derating. For instance, the values in Table 6.7 apply with the equations in Sec. 6.2.6, since these do not take foaminess into account. However, they will double-derate the flood calculation if applied jointly with a correlation or criterion that... 

Some technical problems. Implicit in the idea of a regulatory standard or criterion is some level of risk assessment and risk evaluation, more or less formally, and with more or less sophistication. By risk assessment I mean that some sort of calculation or estimate is made, however roughly, as to the likelihood of an adverse impact of a hazardous waste on human health or the environment. Then risk evaluation is some sort of calculation or estimate, however roughly, as to whether that likelihood or risk of adverse impact is acceptable, or not. 

If you enter two criteria in the same row, you have created an AND criterion (e.g., molecular weight >12 kD and melting point >215°C). If you enter two criteria in separate rows, you have created an OR criterion (e.g., molecular weight > 12 kD or melting point <200 C) as illustrated in Figure 6-13. 

If sufficient scientific evidence is not available to calculate an Estimated Average Requirement, a reference intake called an Adequate Intake (Al) is used instead of a Recommended Dietary Allowance. The Al is a value based on experimentally derived intake levels or approximations of observed mean nutrient intakes by a group (or groups) of healthy people. The Al for children and adults is expected to meet or exceed the amount needed to maintain a defined nutritional state or criterion of adequacy in essentially all members of a specific healthy population LA = linoleic acid LNA = n-linolenic acid DHA = docosahexaenoic acid EPA = eicosapentaenoic acid TRANS-EA = trans fatty acids SAT = saturated fatty acids MONOs = monounsaturated fatty acids. 

Criterion validity is demonstrated when a new measure corresponds to an established measure or observation that accurately reflects the phenomenon of interest. By definition, the criterion must be a superior measure of the phenomenon if it is to serve as a comparative norm. However, in QOL assessment, gold standards, or criterion measures, rarely exist against which a new measure can be compared. 

The first parameter gives the relative importance of each objective function or criterion k, expressed as a relative weight (Wk). In this algorithm, the various weights are normalized ... 

Criterion-Referenced Evaluation It assesses the students performance in term of a specified performance standard or criterion without any mention of the performance levels of the other students of the group. This evaluation method is related to mastery... 

We have stated above that the enthalpy and volume change involved in forming an ideal solution from its pure components is zero (equations (10.6) through (10.8)). This makes good intuitive sense and could be given as a definition or criterion of ideal solutions. Both conditions follow from equation (10.1), which is all that is needed to define ideal solutions. 

Step 3 Identify the objective or criterion and represent it as a linear function, which is to be maximized or minimized. 

Sniiulanl. (I). A recognized quantity, object, or criterion used for comparison, or (2) a protocol for some specified technical operation or other measurement goal, established by a standardization organization. 

It would be preferable to implement CP criteria based on the actual corrosion rate of the protected metal - that is, by lowering the corrosion rate using the anodic Tafel constant to some value that is adequate. However, this may be impractical because, in practice, the actual corrosion rate of the structure may not be available. A workable alternative would be to specify the potential change necessary to reduce corrosion by a given percentage. The anodic Tafel constant provides a reasonable guide or criterion for cathodic protection and enables a better understanding of how and why the cathodic protection is effective. However, determination of an accurate anodic Tafel constant for the protected structure is not an easy task. 

It is important at the outset to clearly define ones basic goals in the scientific study of living systems. Indeed, these objectives are often difficult to discern from research methodology textbooks. Simply put, this enterprise is primarily concerned with the detection of systematic relationships amidst the morass of variability in biobehavioral responses. This task calls for the partitioning of observed variability into systematic and random components, which in turn will yield patterns of associations such that events can be described, predicted, controlled, and ultimately understood. In the simplest case, a research question or hypothesis is tested by an investigation of the existence, direction, and magnitude of a relationship between an independent or predictor variable (IV) and a DV or criterion variable. 

In general, SMPFs have a good memory of strain or shape, but a poor memory of stress or load. It is expected that, if other properties such as conductivity, color, density, etc., were used to evaluate the memory capability of SMPs, different recovery ratios would be obtained. Therefore, the memory capability depends on the parameter or criterion used. Although the current dominant criterion used to evaluate memory capability is the shape or strain recovery ratio, it is expected that other indicators such as the stress recovery ratio would be more and more used because SMPs will find new applications in various areas. Most importantly, we need to better understand the underlying physics for each parameter because different parameters may not be related linearly or proportionally. It is expected that this opens... 

The parameter of interaction, %j23, between polymer and a two-component liquid can be used as a co-solvency criterion for linear polymers (or criterion of extreme swelling), more general, than the equality ( 2 = ) ... 

Independent of the regarded state of suspension or criterion, the following can be stated to the impact of significant parameters. 

In order for all the balance equations to be independent, no rows of the above matrix should be obtainable by a linear combination of other rows. This means that this matrix must contain at least one determinant of a nonnull rank R. This condition is called the Jouguet criterion or criterion of independence of the reactions. 

Recognition and celebration may occur frequently or infrequently depending on whether the established goal or criterion has been met. 

The first type of task is to solve the formabllity problems , i.e., to find some mathematical model or criterion for the stability of some unknown molecules or chemical substances. The second type of task is the property prediction , i.e., to make mathematical models for the structure-property relationships and use these models to predict the property of new materials (or the inverse problem to search the unknown new materials with some pre-assigned property). The third type of task is to solve the optimization problems , i.e., to find the conditions for optimizing some properties of certain materials. The fourth type of task is to solve the problem of control , i.e., is to find the mathematical model to control some index of materials within a desired range. And the fifth type of task is to find the multivariate relationships between the conditions of preparation and the properties of materials. Different SVM techniques should be used for these different purposes. In the following sections, we will use different examples of materials design tasks to demonstrate various strategies of solution by SVM technique. 

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