Extreme swelling

Experiments on DMFCs using PFSA membranes at higher temperature in the gas phase, which could give over 0.2 W/cm, ignited the development of DMFCs for electric vehicle (EV) and portable applications [83]. The PFSA membranes have a tendency to swell extremely when they are soaked in methanol aqueous solution. Reduction of the influence of methanol permeation and deformation or swelling of the membrane have been important issues in DMFC development, as shown in Table 2. 

In attempts to further improve the stability of fluorine-containing elastomers Du Pont developed a polymer with no C—H groups. This material is a terpolymer of tetrafluoroethylene, perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether) and, in small amounts, a cure site monomer of undisclosed composition. Marketed as Kalrez in 1975 the polymer withstands air oxidation up to 290-315°C and has an extremely low volume swell in a wide range of solvents, properties unmatched by any other commercial fluoroelastomer. This rubber is, however, very expensive, about 20 times the cost of the FKM rubbers and quoted at 1500/kg in 1990, and production is only of the order of 1 t.p.a. In 1992 Du Pont offered a material costing about 75% as much as Kalrez and marketed as Zalak. Structurally, it differs mainly from Kalrez in the choice of cure-site monomer. 

The traditional methods for measuring the swelling degree [100] are, as a rule, limited due to the difficulties in quantitative separation of the swollen gel from the outer solution because of extremely low strength of the former. These difficulties can be avoided by measuring the dimensions of a regular shape sample directly in an excess of liquid [19, 101,102], The other example is the modified volumetric method recently developed by us especially for SAH [103],... 

Notify die primary health care provider of a marked weight gain, swelling in the extremities, muscle weakness, persistent headache, visual disturbances, or behavior change... 

Weigh yourself weekly. If significant weight gain or swelling of tiie extremities is noted, contact the primary health care provider. 

Inform the primary healdi care provider if the following adverse reactions occur edema, muscle weakness, weight gain, anorexia, swelling of the extremities, dizziness, severe headache, or shortness of breath. 

MANAGING THROMOOEMOOLIC EFFECTS. The nurse monitors the patient for signs of thromboembolic effects, such as pain, swelling, tenderness in die extremities, headache, chest pain, and blurred vision. These adverse effects are reported to die primary health care provider. Patients with previous venous insufficiency, who are on bed rest for other medical reasons, or who smoke are at increased risk for tiiromboembolic effects. The nurse encourages the patient to elevate the lower extremities when sitting, if possible, and to exercise the lower extremities by walking. 

Report adverse reactions such as fluid retention or edema to the extremities weight gain pain, swelling, or tenderness in die legs blurred vision chest pain yellowed skin or eyes dark urine or abnormal vaginal bleeding. 

Various syndromes associated with hypereosinophilia involve skeletal muscle. There is a rare form of polymyositis which is characterized by this feature (defined as exceeding 1,500 eosinophils/mm for at least six months). Clinical presentation includes skin changes, heart and lung involvement, and peripheral neuropathy as well as proximal myopathy. The condition must be distinguished from trichinosis and other parasitic infections associated with hypereosinophilia. Muscle biopsy findings are interstitial and perivascular infiltrates in which eosinophils predominate but are accompanied by lymphocytes and plasma cells, and occasional muscle fiber necrosis. Fascitis may also be associated with hypereosinophilia (Shulman s syndrome). This condition is characterized by painful swelling of skin and soft tissues of trunk and extremities and weakness of limb muscles. Biopsy of muscle... 

In general, salicylic acid peels are extremely well tolerated. However, the procedure can cause swelling, redness, crusting, dryness and obvious peeling of the face which could last for up to 7-10 days. 

Data on the biocompatibility of gelatin microspheres is extremely limited. Drug-free microspheres elicited no untoward effects when injected intravenously into mice over a 12-week period (159). When albumin microspheres were injected repeatedly into the knee joints of rabbits, pronounced rapid joint swelling occurred after the second and subsequent injections. By comparison, no swelling occurred when gelatin microspheres were administered (160). 

Periodically evaluate patients who receive prophylaxis during the course of treatment for signs and symptoms of VTE, such as swelling, pain, warmth, and redness of lower extremities, and for DVT, as well as chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, and hemoptysis. 

SERMs Hot flushes, signs or symptoms of thromboembolic disease (e.g., pain, redness, or swelling in one extremity chest pain, and shortness of breath). 

Nondrug modalities play an adjunctive role and usually are not effective when used alone. Immobilization of the affected extremity speeds resolution of the attack. Applying ice packs to the joint also decreases pain and swelling, but heat application may be detrimental. 

Bone infarcts or sickling in the periosteum usually is indicated by pain and swelling over an extremity. Osteomyelitis also should be considered. Salmonella species are the most common cause of osteomyelitis in SCD children, followed by Staphylococcus aureus. 27 Select an appropriate antibiotic to cover the suspected organisms empirically. 

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