Operational safety issues

ISSUE TITLE Replacement part design, procurement, and assurance of quality (MA 1) 

If the replacement part is exactly like the original part and is available from the same vendor or another vendor who has a certified nuclear grade QA programme and can provide a like-for-like replacement part, the replacement part can be procured and installed without extensive design, evaluation, and testing. 

Some manufacturers have discontinued their nuclear grade QA progranune - approved QA programme but may have the replacement part available as a commercial-grade item. In this situation, the important characteristics of the part must be verified for safety related plications. 

In this situation, the certification of the new part and the process used to certify the part must be in accordance with all nuclear grade QA programme requirements. 

The safety related use of products not certified for safety related applications pose risks to the health and safety of the public by calling into question the availabilify, reliability, and operability of safety related components, equipment, and systems relied upon to maintain the nuclear plant in a safe condition. 

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A failure to carry out these programs where and when necessary results in reduced heat transfer rates, higher energy costs, corrosion, a lowering of equipment life, and probably operational safety issues. 

The greater the amount of carbon dioxide injected, the more will return to the surface with the methane. This creates the need for a gas-separation plant of the type shown in Figure 3.2. The removal of carbon dioxide from oil is much simpler than from methane, which is why enhanced oil recovery is practised more widely than enhanced gas recovery. With an extensive coal seam, it will be necessary to drill injection and extraction wells every few hundred metres or so. These, together with the associated gas compressors, distribution pipes and pumps, access roads, etc., will turn a rural landscape into an industrial site. When the operational/safety issues and the extent of industrialization become fully appreciated, not to mention the impact on the ecological habitat, there may well be local opposition to the recovery of coal-bed methane - with or without carbon dioxide injection and storage. 

Note that also WWER operational safety issues such as embrittlement and accident assessment and management are mentioned. 

As the marine craneage operates from a pontoon or a jack-up barge the operational safety issues are discussed in the relevant sections alwve (see also Box 5.3 and Figure 5.15). 

Aprepitant, which has two heterocyclic rings and three stereogenic centers, is a challenging synthetic target. Merck s first-generation commercial synthesis required six synthetic steps, and was based on the discovery synthesis. The raw material and environmental costs of this route, however, along with operational safety issues compelled Merck to discover, develop, and implement a completely new route to aprepitant. 

The interface between the Strategic and Operational safety issues [1/4] relates the Safety Strategies adopted at the beginning of a project, to the Safety Plans covering the specific operations that are to be undertaken within these strategies. Finally, the fifth interface between the Operational and Tactical safety issues [1/5] relates to the lines of communication between those responsible for safe operational planning and those with responsibility for safe behaviour and actions on site. 

In the scale-up stage, the synthetic method used is evaluated and modified to meet the cost targets as well as to address environmental and operational safety issues. To achieve these results a process research chemist must optimize the choice and stoichiometry of reagents, solvent, concentrations, temperatures, pH, stir-rates, and many other parameters. 

The second aspect of reliability is referred to as part functionality. The reliability of a part reflects the probability that this part will perform a required function without failure under stated conditions for a stated period of time. Reliability of a part analyzes time to event. Statistically, failure of a part is deemed as a sample event. The objective is to predict the rate of events for a given population (often referred to as failure rate or hazard rate) or the probability of an event for an individual part. Part reliability plays a crucial role in machine design, and in reverse engineering that reinvents the same part. It is an important continued operational safety issue, and also has a significant financial impact because it helps to predict the probability of failure for a part over a period of time. 

The development and improvement of scientific-technical level of NDT and TD means for safety issues is connected with the necessity to find additional investments that must be taken into account at the stage of new technogenic objects designing, when solving new arising problems in social, economic, ecological and medical safety. It is not accidental, that the expenses for safe nuclear power plants operation cover 50% of total sum for construction work capital investments. That is why the investments for NDT and TD have to cover 10% of total amount for development and manufacturing of any product. 

Industrial solvent appHcations are broad, varied, and complex and each has its own set of characteristics and requirements. Proper solvent selection and blend development have a large impact on the success of the operation in which the solvent is used, from the perspectives of economic effects, technical adequacy, safety issues, and environmental impacts. 

The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) has identified the need for a publication dealing with process safety issues unique to batch reaction systems. This book, Guidelines for Process Safety in Batch Reaction Systems, attempts to aid in the safe design, operation and maintenance of batch and semi-batch reaction systems. In this book the terms batch and semi-batch are used interchangeably for simplicity. The objectives of the book are to ... 

This chapter discusses safety issues reiated to the design and operation of key equipment used in the batch reaction systems. Some of the equipment covered inciudes ... 

Operating procedures must be written to clearly identify safety issues. Supervisors must be contacted when process conditions deviate from normal. Proper time and procedures must be maintained to transmit information at shift change. 

Listed below are operator related safety issues that are more prevelant in batch operations. Keep in mind, however, that human error consists of more facets than operator error alone. 

Safety issues due to unknown or insufficient information on processing hazards by the client Safety issues due to unforeseen operating and maintenance practices by the toller... 

The standard operating procedures demand great attention as they reflect personnel safety issues, safe operating limits and quality considerations. They should be written simply and clearly. The level of detail is determined by the training and experience of the operations staff but should also take into account the hazards inherent in the process. 

When using the checklist, the reviewer should decide m advance which questions would not be applicable to the toller s operations. For example, the environmental and healthand safety issues associated with a toller that will be used solely to conduct packaging will greatly differ from a of a toller that will be used to perform an organic synthesis step. 

Safety issues include threats to the safety of workers or nearby communities during the implementation or operation of the corrective measures (i.e., fire, explosion and exposure to hazardous substances). 

HAZWOPER sites are subject to the same rules and requirements as other operations. This holds true whether the site is being managed by private industry, DOE, or the Army Corps of Engineers. Identifying and implementing a project team in the early phases of the project to address health and safety issues will help to achieve seamless integration and to reduce duplication. 

The SSHO will usually eonduet daily inspeetions to determine if operations are being eondueted in aeeordanee with the HASP, other host eontraet requirements, and OSHA regulations. The SSHO is assigned to the PM for the duration of the projeet, but reports direetly to the HSM with operational issues. An open dialogue is kept between the SSHO and supervisory personnel of the projeet to make sure that safety issues are quiekly addressed and eorreetive aetion is taken. 

CFR50.54(f) states that the licensee must submit individual plant examinations (IPE) of nificant. safety issues to justify continuing operation of a reactor facility. The NRC issued leric... 

Two studies resolved the Unresolved Safety Issue A-44, "Station Blackout." The first siudy, The Reliability of Emergency AC Power Systems in Nuclear Power Plants," when combined uh die lelevant loss-oToffsite-power frequency, provides estimates of station-blackout frequencies lor 18 nuclear power plants and 10 generic designs. The study also identified the design and operational features most important to the reliability of AC power systems. The second study, "Station Blackout Accident Analysis" (NUREG/CR-3226), focused on the relative importance to risk of laiion blackout events and the plant design and operational features that would reduce this risk. 

The report on the incident states Our reading of the literature led us to believe that as long as the leaking gas could be relieved through the weep holes, it would be safe to operate the equipment. We called a number of knowledgeable people and discussed the safety issue with them. Consensus at the time supported our conclusion. But after the explosion, there was some dispute over... 

PSM buiids on what is in piace, and seeks to integrate safety issues into ongoing business operations"as opposed to imposing an eiaborate exter-nai structure. The goais of PSM are process-oriented, not procedure-driven, and reflect the Total Quality Management principle of continuous improvement. 

Conventionally, analytical SEC columns have been produced with an internal diameter of 7.5 mm and column lengths of 300 and 600 mm. In recent years environmental and safety issues have led to concerns over the reduction of organic solvent consumption, which has resulted in the development of columns for organic SEC that are more solvent efficient (13). By reducing the internal diameter of the column, the volumetric flow rate must be reduced in order to maintain the same linear velocity through the column. This reduction is carried out in the ratio of the cross sectional areas (or internal diameters) of the two columns. Eor example, if a 7.5-mm i.d. column operates at 1.0 ml/min, then in order to maintain the same linear velocity through a 4.6-mm i.d. column the flow rate would be... 

A plate attached to boilers, valves, and other equipment containing officially required data pertaining to operational rating and safety issues. 

Control systems will play a key role in future distributed plants ]139,145]. As a rule of thumb, plants will be smaller and simpler, but the control systems will be much more advanced, of a standard not known today. Plant personnel for operation and managing will ultimately no longer be required, except for start-up, shutdown, and services. This is a shift from a regulatory to a servo role, supported by a sophisticated sequence control. Control is needed for safety issues, operability, and product quality control. Sensors have a central role to provide the information needed for control and modeling and simulation is needed for process models. 

Sodium azide remains the source of nitrogen, however a thorough evaluation of the safety issues was conducted and safe operating conditions defined. 

In the earlier ACW I Committee s report on the Eco Logic design, the most significant worker safety issue was expected to be maintenance of the COINS conveyor system by personnel in DPE suits (NRC, 1999). The conveyor system was to operate immersed in a hot caustic solution. The ACW II Committee s Demo II report noted the COINS process had been changed to provide for an overhead chain conveyor system to move the immersed baskets in the caustic bath (NRC, 2001b). The committee remains concerned that the COINS will require significant maintenance by personnel in DPE suits and finds that efforts to minimize maintenance should continue. 

Surveys of professional lawn chemical applicators were conducted during the summer and fall of 2004. Subjects recruited included participants in Ohio State University s OARDC (Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center)-sponsored turf care professional educational seminars (Northeast Ohio Lawn Care Seminars). Approximately 300 professionals attended these events (held at the Wooster campus of Ohio State) to inform practitioners of best management practices, new technology, and health and safety issues. Participants included those who own and work in the lawn care industry in Ohio, spanning companies from small, one-person owner operated firms to large franchised national outfits. Professionals attend these seminars for purposes of certification participation in the survey was optional. 

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