Operational Effectiveness

GREGORY BELENKY,THOMAS J. BALKIN, AND NANCY J. WESENSTEN 

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, U.S.A. 

The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Department of the Army or Department of Defense. 

As a practical matter, the tank crew s overall success depends on the speed and accuracy of the tank commander. As long as the commander sees the enemy tank or fighting vehicle before the enemy sees him, he and his crew can usually destroy the enemy. This is termed staying inside the enemy s decision loop. If the enemy sees him first then the outcome is likely to be catastrophic for him and his crew. Speed is of the essence. Also, crucial is the accuracy of the friend/foe determination to prevent friendly-fire casualties. Identification of friend or foe is highly contextual and depends on what the Army calls situational awareness. Situational awareness is highly complex and depends on an accurate understanding of the moment-to-moment dynamics of the fire and maneuver of the particular battle. 

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Gas processing facilities generally work best at between 10 and 100 bar. At low pressure, vessels have to be large to operate effectively, whereas at higher pressures facilities can be smaller but vessel walls and piping systems must be thicker. Optimum recovery of heavy hydrocarbons is achieved between 20 bar and 40 bar. Long distance pipeline pressures may reach 150 bar and reinjection pressure can be as high as 700 bar. The gas process line will reflect gas quality and pressure as well as delivery specifications. 

Scientific and Technological Literacy. There is increasing concern within the business community about the effectiveness of the precoUege education system (K—12) in preparing students for an increasingly technically sophisticated workplace. This issue is of special importance to the chemical enterprise, which will find it more difficult to operate effectively in a society that does not understand science and the scientific process (42). 

The function of the oxygen sensor and the closed loop fuel metering system is to maintain the air and fuel mixture at the stoichiometric condition as it passes into the engine for combustion ie, there should be no excess air or excess fuel. The main purpose is to permit the TWC catalyst to operate effectively to control HC, CO, and NO emissions. The oxygen sensor is located in the exhaust system ahead of the catalyst so that it is exposed to the exhaust of aU cylinders (see Fig. 4). The sensor analyzes the combustion event after it happens. Therefore, the system is sometimes caUed a closed loop feedback system. There is an inherent time delay in such a system and thus the system is constandy correcting the air/fuel mixture cycles around the stoichiometric control point rather than maintaining a desired air/fuel mixture. 

Has the unit operation effectiveness changed due to the input conditions, ambient conditions, or the state of the equipment ... 

Based on the system studies carried out and Table 23.1, it has been assessed that in actual operation, effective current through a capacitor circuit may increase up to 1.3 limes its rated cunent, /,., i.e. = 1.3 /, to account for all the harmonic effects (V, - Jf. equation (23.4)). A capacitor unit is thus designed for at least M)9r continuous overload capacity (Section 25.6). Its switching and protective devices are selected along similar lines. 

The actuating time for a quick-closing/quick-opening operation effected by the solenoid valves is 0.6 sec, and the actuating time under normal control is 5 sec for the inlet valves and 0.6 sec for the bypass valves. These actuating times apply to the full valve stroke outside the end position damping range. 

Antioxidants are today often used in combination. One reason for this is that certain combinations can exhibit in a polymer an effect sometimes found with other additives, that known as synergism. In these circumstances two antioxidants may exhibit a co-operative effect and be more powerful than either antioxidant used alone, even when the total antioxidant concentration is the same. Certain terms are sometimes encountered here and these are defined in Table 7.6. 

KDC has a cause and effect relationship between as the primary cause leading to secondary failures. Besides its drastic operational effects on redundant systems, the numerical etlects that reduce sy.stem reliability are pronounced Equation 2.4-5 shows that the probability ut failing a redundant. system composed of n components is the component probability raised to the n-th power. If a common clement couples the subsystems. Equation 2.4-5 is not correct and the failure rate is the failure rate of the common element. KDC is very serious because the time from primary failure to secondary failures may be too short to mitigate. The PSA Procedures Guide (NUREG,/CR-2.3(X)) cl.issities this type as "Type 2."... 

If the answer is Yes your system is operating effectively. If your answer is No to any of these questions, your quality system is not being effectively implemented. 

Although /3-oxidation is universally important, there are some instances in which it cannot operate effectively. For example, branched-chain fatty acids with alkyl branches at odd-numbered carbons are not effective substrates for /3-oxidation. For such species, a-oxidation is a useful alternative. Consider phy-tol, a breakdown product of chlorophyll that occurs in the fat of ruminant animals such as sheep and cows and also in dairy products. Ruminants oxidize phytol to phytanic acid, and digestion of phytanic acid in dairy products is thus an important dietary consideration for humans. The methyl group at C-3 will block /3-oxidation, but, as shown in Figure 24.26, phytanic acid a-hydroxylase places an —OFI group at the a-carbon, and phytanic acid a-oxidase decar-boxylates it to yield pristanie add. The CoA ester of this metabolite can undergo /3-oxidation in the normal manner. The terminal product, isobutyryl-CoA, can be sent into the TCA cycle by conversion to succinyl-CoA. 

Ensure that the insulation selected can operate effectively and without degradation at temperatures beyond the design temperature called for. Temperature control of the process system can fail and systems can overheat. Hot surfaces exposed to ambient air will become hotter when insulated if there is no control of the process temperature. As with multi-layer systems, the addition of an extra layer... 

To operate effectively, the flue has to apply a pressure differential sufficient to overcome the system resistance and enable the products of combustion to flow from the combustion chamber to the terminal. This pressure differential can be mechanical (by forced or induced draft or a combination of the two) or thermal, possibly combined with mechanical. 

Bearings pre-packed with grease will function for extended periods without attention. Another advantage is the almost complete elimination of drip or splash, which can be a problem in certain applications. Grease is also able to operate effectively over a wider range of temperatures than any single oil. 

Conversely, however, the cost of downtime can be very high and this creates a minimum risk philosophy which runs contrary to the capital cost factor. The balance between these two forces has to be clearly stated to allow the materials engineer to operate effectively. 

It is usually difficult, if not impossible, to quantify all of the components in our samples. This is expecially true when we consider the meaning of the word "components" in the broadest sense. Even if we have accurate values for all of the constituents in our samples, how do we quantify the contribution to the spectral absorbance due to instrument drift, operator effect, instrument aging, sample cell alignment, etc. The simple answer is that, generally, we can t. To the extent that we do not provide CLS with the concentration of all of the components in our samples, we might expect CLS to have problems. In the case of our simulated data, we have samples that contain 4 components, but we only have concentration values for 3 of the components. Each sample also contains a random baseline for which "concentration values are not available. Let s see how CLS handles these data. 

Hikiforov N.N. Bakham, The Effect of Aluminum Additives On the Operational Effectiveness of the Catalytic Combustion Agent Fe203 , Rept No FTD-HT-23-627-74 (1973)... 

High temperature/stress and stop/start operation effects on 70 30 cupronickel tubes (as found in some FW heaters). A chain of cause and effect including Oxygen corrosion Dealloying Exfoliation corrosion... 

In practice, for any specific boiler application, the various pretreatment and purification techniques employed are incorporated in a sequential train to provide the most cost-effective or operationally effective treatment solution. 

Because any such behavior causes the motor to fail in its mission objective, these peculiar operational effects have received considerable research attention. The results of these research studies have shown that these various forms of instability result from a coupling between the transient combustion characteristics of the propellant and the transient ballistics of the combustion chamber. These instabilities are termed pressure-coupled, velocity-coupled, and bulk-coupled, and will be described below. 

In this chapter, seven types of LC-MS interfaces have been described and their performance characteristics compared. Any modifications to the HPLC conditions that are required to allow the interface to operate effectively have been highlighted. 

In effect, the composition of the mobile phase, and thus the selectivity of the chromatographic system, has been changed. As mentioned in the text, dynamic FAB operates effectively with lower concentrations of matrix than static FAB and although its effect may be minimal it should always be considered. Post-column addition of matrix overcomes potential problems of this nature. 

As an analogy, the human body performs a mixture of batch, semicontinuous and continuous processes in order to operate effectively. Sohds-handhng operations are conducted batchwise for transfer and semicontinuously for processing, whereas heat exchange (HEx), filtration, pumping, and so on, are performed continuously. 

A field test was conducted by spraying a commercial oil spill-dispersant (Corexit 9527) from aircraft [696]. Test objectives were to determine the efficiency of delivering the dispersant to a selected target using a large aircraft and to compare various measurement systems for droplet size and spray pattern distribution. The results indicated that aerial flights up to 46 m can produce droplet sizes and swath widths that would be operationally effective for an oil spill. 

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