Processing facilities generally

Gas processing facilities generally work best at between 10 and 100 bar. At low pressure, vessels have to be large to operate effectively, whereas at higher pressures facilities can be smaller but vessel walls and piping systems must be thicker. Optimum recovery of heavy hydrocarbons is achieved between 20 bar and 40 bar. Long distance pipeline pressures may reach 150 bar and reinjection pressure can be as high as 700 bar. The gas process line will reflect gas quality and pressure as well as delivery specifications. 

Gas turbine driven centrifugal compressors are very efficient under the right operating conditions but require careful selection and demand higher levels of maintenance than reciprocating compressors. Compression facilities are generally the most expensive item in an upstream gas process facility. 

Generally, recyclables are either coUected at curbside or deposited by consumers at various types of drop-off locations, such as local recycling centers, community service clubs, dealers, and commercial buyback centers. Curbside coUections of recyclables can be accompUshed either in conjunction with the pickup of aU MSW or as a separate activity. Co-coUection systems range from complete commingling of aU waste for later separation at a mixed waste processing facility to transporting essentially source-separated recyclables in the same tmck as MSW. 

Sometimes it is easiest to prepare a general flowchart that identifies events which may occur at a facility during an incident. This flowchart can identify possible avenues the event may lead to and the protection measures available to mitigate and protect the facility. It will also highlight deficiencies. The use of a flowchart helps the understanding of events by personal unfamiliar with petroleum risk and safety measures. It portrays a step by step scenarios that is easy to follow or explain. Preparation of in-depth risk probability analysis can also use the flowchart as the basis of the event trees or failure modes and effects. Figure 3 provides a generic example of a typical hydrocarbon process facility Safety Flowchart. API Recommended Practice RP 14C provides an example of a Safety Flowchart for an offshore production facility. 

The testing that has been conducted has shown that the General Atomics SCWO system is a high-maintenance operation however, the level of maintenance that is required for the application of the SCWO system in particular, and the GATS process in general, in a Blue Grass facility is not beyond the ability of well-trained operators and maintenance personnel. 

Audits may be conducted by one person experienced in the audit process with general knowledge of the type of facility to be audited. More often, audits are conducted by a small team of people. The audit team should not be associated with the program or facility under audit in order to provide an unbiased independent perspective. 

The intramolecular cycloaddition of a silyl nitronate bearing a dipolarophilic appendage provides easy access to fused, bicyclic isoxazolidines (22). This process, in general, is very facile, and has allowed the use of unfunctionalized alkenes as dipolarophiles (Table 2.39) (106,124). Thus, a silyl nitronate bearing an allyl group will undergo the [3 + 2] cycloaddition at room temperature over 15 h to provide the corresponding isoxazoline upon acidic workup in moderate yield. 

Waste facilities should be designed to prevent explosions in sewer systems and typically are comprised of suitable traps, vents, dean-outs, collecting chambers, etc. Flammable gas detectors are installed in sewers to warn of hazardous concentrations, and inert gas blanketing of closed process sumps generally is advisable. 

An instrument which not only measures a variable, but also carries out further processing in order to refine the data obtained before presentation either to an observer or to some other stage of the system, is generally termed intelligent or smart. In practice, additional functions are usually available as well as the data-processing facility and these are all normally contained within the transmitter of the measuring device. These so-called smart transmitters are microprocessor-based and enable the device ... 

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