Oil spill dispersants

Surface Chemical Aspects of Oil Spill-Dispersant Behavior... 

Modem oil spill-dispersant formulations are concentrated blends of surface-active agents (surfactants) in a solvent carrier system. Surfactants are effective for lowering the interfacial tension of the oil slick and promoting and stabilizing oil-in-water dispersions. The solvent system has two key functions (1) to reduce the viscosity of the surfactant blend to allow efficient dispersant application and (2) to promote mixing and diffusion of the surfactant blend into the oil film [601]. 

A field test was conducted by spraying a commercial oil spill-dispersant (Corexit 9527) from aircraft [696]. Test objectives were to determine the efficiency of delivering the dispersant to a selected target using a large aircraft and to compare various measurement systems for droplet size and spray pattern distribution. The results indicated that aerial flights up to 46 m can produce droplet sizes and swath widths that would be operationally effective for an oil spill. 

The rise in environmental concern, coupled with the enormity of some oil spills in the recent past, has led to the development of new generations of oil spill dispersants. 

Biodegradable oil spill dispersants with high efficiency and low toxicity have been prepared and tested. They consist of nonionic and low-toxicity surfactants with different molecular weights [2]. The relationship between interfacial tension and the efficiency and chemical structure of the prepared oil spill dispersants was also studied. 

A test to determine the biodegradation rate of the dispersant and the biodegradation rate of the dispersant-oil mixture has been proposed [1302]. The test method is intended to supplement the toxicity tests and the effectiveness tests, which evaluate the performance of oil spill dispersants. 

A proteinaceous particulate material has been described that is effective as an oil spill-dispersant composition [1450]. The material is a grain product (such as oats) from which lipids are removed through organic solvent extraction. When such compositions are applied to an oil spill, they will adsorb oil, emulsify it, and finally, disperse it. Moreover, the compositions are substantially nontoxic. 

T. Abdel-Moghny and H. K. Gharieb. Biodegradable oil spill dispersants with high efficiency and low toxicity. In Proceedings Volume, pages 184—195. 1st Bahrain Soc Eng et al Environ Issues in the Petrol Petrochem Ind Spec Conf (Manama, Bahrain, 12/4-12/6), 1995. 

D. J. Albone, M. G. Kibblewhite, L. E. Sansom, and P. R. Morris. The storage stability of oil spill dispersants. Quart J Tech Pap, pages 1-53, January-March 1990. 

K. W. Becker, M. A. Walsh, R. J. Fiocco, and M. T. Curran. A new laboratory method for evaluating oil spill dispersants. In Proceedings Volume, pages 507-510. 13th Bien API et al Oil Spill (Prev, Preparedness, Response Coop) Int Conf (Tampa, FL, 3/29-4/1), 1993. 

R. Belore. Use of high-pressure water mixing for ship-based oil spill dispersing. In Proceedings Volume, pages 297-302. 10th Bien API et al Oil Spill (Prev, Behav, Contr, Cleanup) Conf (Baltimore, MD, 4/64/9), 1987. 

C. A. Christopher. Surface chemical aspects of oil spill dispersant behavior. In Proceedings Volume, pages 375-389.4th Annu Pennwell Conf Exhibit Co Petro (Safe 93) Conf (Houston, TX, 1/26-1/28), 1993. 

M. F. Fingas, B. Kolokowski, and E. J. Tennyson. Study of oil spill dispersants effectiveness and physical studies. In Proceedings Volume, pages 265-287.13th Environ Can Arctic Mar Oil Spill Program Tech Semin (Edmonton, Canada, 676-6/8), 1990. 

M. F. Fingas, D. A. Kyle, Z. Wang, D. Handfield, D. lanuzzi, and F. Ackerman. Laboratory effectiveness testing of oil spill dispersants. In Proceedings Volume, pages 3-40. 2nd ASTM Use of Chem in Oil Spill Response Symp (Victoria, Canada, 10/10-10/11), 1994. 

M. Mulyono, E. Jasjfi, and M. Maloringan. Biodegradation test for oil spill dispersant (OSD) and OSD-oil mixture. In Proceedings Volume, pages 355-363. 5th Asian Counc Petrol Conf (Ascope 93) (Bangkok, Thailand, 11/2-11/6), 1993. 

The work reported here principally involves attempts to induce AHH in invertebrates under "extreme" oil exposure conditions. We also investigated induction in fish with various pure hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon analogs, as well as oil and oil spill dispersant mixtures. 

Induction of AHH in Fish with Oil and Oil Spill Dispersant Mixtures... 

Dispersants are being increasingly used to combat oil spills in the marine environment. The new generation of dispersants are commonly fatty acid-polyethoxylate esters (25) and are relatively non toxic. The specific compounds in petroleum responsible for MFO induction in fish have not been defined. Dispersed oil could increase the availability of inducing components, either the particulates or solubles, but alternatively, soluble compounds may be rapidly lost from dispersed oil (26). Preliminary experiments have been carried out to assess the effectiveness of dispersed oil in AHH induction. Venezuelan crude and bunker (distillation cut above 300-400°C).and two polyethoxylate oil spill dispersants,... 

Using Oil Spill Dispersants on the Sea National Research Council, National Academy Press Washington, DC, 1989. 

Fingas, M.F. Kyle, D.A. Wang, Z. Handheld, D. Lanuzzi, D. Ackerman, F. Laboratory Testing of Oil Spill Dispersants in The Use of Chemicals in Oil Spill Response, Lane, P.,... 

Oil Spill Dispersants Mechanisms of Action and Laboratory Tests John R. Clayton, Jr. et al., Lewis Publishers, 1993, ISBN 0-87371-946-8, 128pages, 44.95. 

Dispolene. [Seppic] Anionic/nonionic surfactant blen oil spill dispersant. 

Dispolene. [Sq>pic] Anionk onionic surfactant blends oil spill dispersant... 

Uses Surfactant for oil spill dispersants lubricant, antistat in textile spin finishes emulsifier for metalworking fluids, PVC prod. thickener for cosmetics, pigment preps. emulsifier for pharmaceuticals, paints, emulsion polymerization emulsifier, antifoam, antistat, lubricant for cosmetics, industrial applies. 

Uses Emulsifier for oil-based cleaners, oil-spill dispersants, emulsiion polymerization of vinyl resins, cosmetics emulsifier, lubricant in metalworking fluids, textile auxs. antifoam antistat... 

Lessard RR, Demarco G The significance of oil spill dispersants, Spill Sci Technol Bull 6, 59-68 (2000)... 

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