Military operations effectiveness

MEG Military exposure guidelines for deployed personnel. Levels reported in this handbook are for 1-h exposures and consider three health endpoints. Minimal (Min) Continuous exposure to concentrations above these levels could produce mild, transient, reversible effects but should not impair military operational performance. Significant (Sig) Continuous exposure to concentrations above these levels could produce irreversible, permanent, or serious health effects, and could degrade military operational performance and even incapacitate some individuals. Severe (Sev) Continuous exposure to concentrations above these levels could produce life-threatening or lethal effects in some individuals. 

The TOP values of some well-known smokes given in the literature [28] suggest that the phosphorus class of smokes are most effective for screening and hence are used during military operations. 

In military operations it is a known fact, proved during WWII, that greater damage can be done to installations by blast effects from bombs than by metal fragments from bombs or other conventional projectiles. Blast waves act as a severe earthquake and cover a circular... 

For military operations, the ideal wake-promoting agent would restore cognitive readiness to well-rested levels with few side effects (to include minimal interfer-... 

Military operations often include the requirement for continuous work schedules in which personnel may not be able to gain sufficient sleep for extended periods of time (115,116). Since these requirements ultimately will produce decrements that could jeopardize the well-being and effectiveness of soldiers (117), the stimulant properties of caffeine have long been of interest in this context. Since caffeine has been shown to improve alertness without producing significant side effects, and since this compound appears to have a low abuse potential, some investigators have suggested that it may be the stimulant of choice for use in military air operations (63). 

Amphetamines and similar central nervous system stimulants have been available for many years, but the substantial abuse liability and potential cardiovascular adverse effects have largely limited their use to the treatment of narcolepsy and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. There has also been some utilization of amphetamines to combat sleepiness during military operations. 

In the military, white phosphorus is used in ammunitions such as mortar and artillery shells, and grenades. When ammunitions containing white phosphorus are fired in the field, they burn and produce smoke. The smoke contains some unbumt phosphorus, but it mainly has various burned phosphorus products. In military operations, such smoke is used to conceal troop movements and to identify targets or the locations of friendly forces. White phosphorus munitions are intended to burn or firebomb the opponents, in other words, to effectively produce widespread damage but not kill the enemy. 

A chemical warfare agent (CWA) is a substance which is intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate people because of its toxicological effects. Although CWAs have been widely condemned since their first use on a massive scale during World War I, they have been used in many conflicts during the 20th... 

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