On-site Waste Treatment

No matter how much effort is put into cleaner produetion and waste minimization at source, it is rarely practical to convert 100% of raw materials into product or to design a process with a 100% recoverable and 

Other considerations to be taken into account include the cost-benefits of treating waste from each process individually or combining all site wastes for treatment in one single unit. Although treating mixed waste is more complex, the cost of installing individual treatment units at each plant is usually prohibitively high. 

In addition to these measurements the Theoretical Oxygen Demand (THOD) is also often calculated. This is done by calculating the amount of oxygen required to convert all organic substances to carbon dioxide and water. Additionally, oxidation of certain inorganic species to nitrate, sulfate 

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SECTION TA. ON-SITE WASTE TREATMENT METHODS AND EFFICIENCY... 

A.29. Waste management. The implementation of arrangements for on-site waste treatment, conditioning and storage should be reviewed and records should be inspected. In particular, the waste characterization process, the compliance with any requirements for waste storage or disposal, and the records for these processes should be subject to inspection. 

The wastewater from a hydrogen plant typically consists of only the blowdovm from the boiler system. The boiler feedwater that feeds the steam generation system has small amounts of impurities such as sodium, chlorides, silica, and organic carbons. These impurities will accumulate within the boiler system and create sludge, scaling of the boiler tubes, and possible carryover of solids into the process steam. Blowdown of the boiler water is performed to prevent these issues from affecting the operation of the steam system. The blowdown is typically sent to the sewer or the on-site waste treatment plant for treatment and disposal. 

The facility would use a dry scrubber system for emission control, which would eliminate the need for wastewater treatment. Any water from emission control and from decontamination procedures would be treated in the on-site groundwater treatment system. The residual soil and collected ash is assumed to be nonhazardous and can be disposed of in a solid waste disposal facility in compliance with subtitle D of RCRA. In the event that they cannot be delisted due to the presence of metals, the residuals will be managed as part of the closure of Area 2 shown in Figure 16.21 (lead-contaminated soil). 

The cost for the ISOCELL technology varies depending on site variables such as site size, wastes to be treated at the site, waste treatment method, transportation costs, disposal costs, and other general factors that may affect the costs. An appropriate cost for using the ISOCELL technology can only be determined on a site-by-site basis, considering all factors that affect cost (personal communication Ronald K. Krieg, RKK, Ltd., December 1996). 

Sagar, P.M., Meagher, A., Sobczak, S. Wolff, B.G (1996) Chemical composition and potential hazards of electrocautery smoke. Br. J. Surg., 83, 1792 Sato, A. Nakajima, T. (1979) Partition coefficients of some aromatic hydrocarbons and ketones in water, blood and oil. Br. J. ind. Med., 36, 231-234 Sauer, PA. Tyler, E.J. (1995) Heavy metal and volatile organic chemical removal and treatment in on-site waste water infiltration systems. 1. Catch basirrs and septic tanks. Water Air Soil Pollut., 89, 221-232... 

As shown in Figure 3.7, since 1995 there has been a large reduction in the amount of solvent wastes directly released, treated, and used for energy recovery on-site. There have also been moderate reductions in the amount of wastes used for energy recovery and treatment off-site. However, there were increases in every other form of on- and off-site waste treatment. In 2006, about 70% of solvent waste was treated for disposal or recycled. The remaining 30% was either directly released or treated for energy recovery. The fractions of solvent wastes treated and recycled are very close to the values reported earlier by Lee-Jeffs and Constable in 2008 (A. Lee-Jeffs, private communication D.J.C. Constable, private communication). This shows an increasing trend in the amount of solvents recycled in order to reduce... 

Water refers to the release of chemicals into rivers, lakes, streams, oceans, and other bodies of surface water from all discharge points at the facility This category includes the release from on-site waste-water treatment systems, open trenches, and stormwater runoff. 

Industrial sources may represent a potential risk from chemical spills, On-site waste-water treatment facilities should be checked for capacity ... 

Lined and unlined lagoons were constructed on-site to store liquid wastes. These leaked at various times in the past thus contributing to groundwater pollution. A land treatment operation where liquid wastes were disposed of by flood irrigation methods also added to the pollution. These on-site waste disposal practices have contributed to soilwater and groundwater contamination and are marked "A" in Figure 1. This is the potential initial disposal point for the marker compound and other chemical substances released with plant effluents and sludges. 

Septic system- An on site waste water treatment system. It usually has a septic tank which promotes the biological digestion of the waste, and a drain field which is designed to let the left over liquid soak into the ground. Septic systems and permits are usually sized by the number of bedrooms in a house. 

On-site storage, treatment and/or disposal of hazardous wastes... 

Organic waste is burned for its fuel value. The dirty air. Stream 11, must be treated. The anhydrides are scrubbed using water, which is then sent to the on-site waste water treatment facility. 

Scrubbing processes are either waste producing or by-product producing. Liquid wastes are usually discharged into on-site water treatment systems and solid wastes to nonhazardous landfills. By-products can be sold. Examples include concentrated sulfuric acid, gypsum, and fertilizer. 

Sewer Disposal. Photoprocessing and printing wastes tend to be aqueous solutions that ate combined with other plant effluents and sent to the local sewer plant for treatment. The parameters of concern include silver, pH, and biological oxygen demand (BOD). BOD is a measure of how well a waste material degrades in the environment. Lower values ate preferred. Silver-bearing waste streams ate typically treated on-site, and the treated effluent is released to the drain. The printer usually receives a small cash credit for silver recovered. 

Equipment Costs. Equipment costs include the purchased cost of process and materials handling equipment, storage faciUties, waste treatment equipment, stmctures, and site service faciUties. Installation costs such as insulation, piping, painting and finishing, foundations, process stmctures, instmmentation, and electrical service connections are estimated or factored separately. Actual quoted prices from suppHers are the best data, but these are not usually available when estimates are made. The quick, inexpensive cost estimates are based largely on personal cost files, internal company cost data, or pubUshed cost correlations. 

ElectrolyticaHy generated hypochlorite may be used for the oxidative destmction of cyanides (qv) or the sterilization of domestic wastes. Several on-site systems for swimming pool sterilization and municipal waste treatment works have been developed. One of these systems is described in Reference 124. On-site production and immediate use of chlorine is considered safer than the transportation of chlorine. 

For those waste streams that can impact public health or the environment (if mismanaged), provide a summary of the treatment and disposal methods (for example, solvents are incinerated or recycled, lab wastes are incinerated) used to manage them and identify the on-site or off-site facilities used. Is the disposal of the waste adequately documented (for example, retention of manifests, bills of lading or transfer notes) ... 

The two different, but related, eonsiderations in waste disposal are hazard eontrol and loss prevention in the treatment and disposal operations, and the eontrol of environmental hazards. With gas and liquid streams the eontrol of on-site hazards arising from the ehemieal properties and proeessing operations generally follows the prineiples summarized in earlier ehapters. The measures neeessary with solid wastes may, however, differ, partieularly if they are heterogeneous in nature and disposed of on land. 

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