Irrigation methods

Irrigation Management Implication of Irrigation Methods in Relation... 

Under water scarcity conditions, the usability of poor water quality for irrigation is conditioned by the irrigation method employed. 

The irrigation method in the period of flooding, e.g., days of holding water in paddy , could be important information for data interpretation. 

Modernisation of irrigation methods will therefore be required to conserve water resources (with unclear effects on salinisation), and extra dams may need to be built. With the simulated future water scarcity, water for hydroelectric use may also be threatened. 

Sardo V (1982) Energy economics and the choice of irrigation method (Italian text with English summary). L Irrigazione, XXIX, n.l... 

Fig. 10.2 Pattern of contaminant advance (water containing dye) in a partially saturated soil. Note the high degree of spatial variability in the pattern, both laterally and with depth. Reprinted from Ghodrati M, Jury WA (1992) A field study of the effects of soil structure and irrigation method on preferential flow of pesticides in unsaturated soil. J Contam Hydrol 11 101-125 Copyright 1992 with permission of Elsevier...

Huysman, F. Verstraete, W. (1993b). Water-facilitated transport of bacteria in unsaturated soil columns influence of inoculation and irrigation methods. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 25, 91-7. 

Any source of water other than rainwater requires an irrigation method to deliver water to the fields. Flooding is a common method, but it is not efficient because most of the water is lost in runoff and evaporation. Sprinkler systems are an improvement over flooding because they do not cause soil erosion. Such systems also lose large amounts of water, however, because a significant portion of the airborne water evaporates before reaching the ground. 

Food production in the last few decades has been improved greatly by applying chemical fertilizers, irrigation methods, rotation of crops, and plant-breeding practices. Despite these new technologies for increased food production, the crop losses caused by insect pests, pathogens,... 

Molecular weight distributions of cotton fibers were evaluated with variables of the variety and the growth environment [166]. GPC analysis of cotton fiber samples demonstrated consistency of the secondary wall cellulose peak for the variety, alterations in the composition of the cellulose chains as a response to dryland conditions, and differences in molecular weight distributions according to fruiting zones for different irrigation methods. 

Water is the most important limiting factor for crop production in many areas of the world. The efficient use of water in irrigation systems requires continuous monitoring of the moisture content of soil. Neutron moisture gauges are ideal instruments for this purpose and help soil physicists to make the best use of limited water resources. Through these methods, traditional irrigation methods are improved and in some cases up to 40% of the water can be saved. 

Lined and unlined lagoons were constructed on-site to store liquid wastes. These leaked at various times in the past thus contributing to groundwater pollution. A land treatment operation where liquid wastes were disposed of by flood irrigation methods also added to the pollution. These on-site waste disposal practices have contributed to soilwater and groundwater contamination and are marked "A" in Figure 1. This is the potential initial disposal point for the marker compound and other chemical substances released with plant effluents and sludges. 

Faucet-mounted eyewashes are an ideal answer for those not in an enviromnent where heavy-duty eyewash units are practical because of space and aesthetic limitations. A low-profile, sturdy, compact, ANSI-compliant, faucet-mounted eyewash provides eyewash options to a majority of the population that in years past have resorted to ineffective eye washing procedures, such as using hands to splash water in an injured eye. Because there are no protocols or options for flushing eyes in applications that do not have a standard eyewash, a faucet-mounted eyewash that is consistent with medical protocols provides an irrigation method that will successfully flush contaminants out of the eye. 

If water penetration of soil is within normal boundaries, the critical salt concentration of the water used for irrigation will be < 1000 ppm. In areas where salt concentration of both soil and irrigation water is high, effective irrigation methods include surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation. 

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