Oleic acid glycerol esters

Oleic acid amide. See Oleamide Oleic acid diethanolamide. See Oleamide DEA Oleic acid glycerol monoester. See Glyceiyl oleate Oleic acid, 12-hydroxy-. See Ricinoleic acid Oleic acid, lauryl ester. See Lautyl oleate... 

The term fat is applied to solid esters of fatty acids with glycerol (glycerides) if the fat is liquid at the ordinary temperature, it is conventionally called a fatty oil, vegetable oil or animal oil. The acids which occur most abundantly are palmitic ticid CH3(CHj),4COOH, stearic acid CH3(CH2)isCOOH and oleic acid CH3(CH2),CH=CH(CH2),C00H. Upon hydrolysis, fats yield glycerol and the alkali salts of these acids (soaps) ... 

Soybean oil is a statistical mixture of glycerol esters of palmitic acid (10%), stearic acid (3%), oleic acid (23%), linoleic acid (55%), and linolenic acid (9%). 

The structures of common lipids, (a) The structures of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, represented here by stearic acid and oleic acid, (b) Three fatty acids covalently linked to glycerol by ester bonds form a triacylglycerol. (c) The general structure for a phospholipid consists of two fatty acids esterified to glycerol, which is linked through phosphate to a polar head group. The polar head group may be any one of several different compounds—for example, choline, serine, or ethanolamine. 

Answer Mild hydrolysis cleaves the ester linkages between glycerol and fatty acids, forming (a) glycerol and the sodium salts of palmitic and stearic acids (b) D-glycerol 3-phosphocholine and the sodium salts of palmitic and oleic acids. 

The natural fats and oils are also esters, principally of the trihydroxy alcohol glycerol. Animal fats consist mainly of the glyceryl esters of palmitic acid and stearic acid. Glyceryl oleate, the glyceryl ester of oleic acid, is found in olive oil, whale oil, and the fats of coldblooded animals these fats tend to remain liquid at ordinary tempera-lures, whereas glyceryl palmitate and glyceryl stearate form the solid hits. 

The second pair of higher unsaturated acids exhibiting geometric isomerism is oleic acid and elaidic acid. Oleic acid is of especial importance because, as a glycerol ester, it occurs very commonly as a constituent of many animal and vegetable Jats and oils. While most... 

As commercially made by the saponification of fats, soaps are not pure chemical individuals but consist of a mixture of the alkali-metal salts of the several fatty acids contained as esters in the original fat or oil. The composition of soap, therefore, depends upon the composition of the fat from which it is made. As the common fats and oils which are used for this purpose contain, mostly the glycerol esters of palmitic, stearic and oleic acids, the common soaps are mixtures of sodium, or potassium, palmitate, stearate and oleate. We shall consider now,... 

As previously mentioned, the triglycerides found in biomass are esters of the triol, glycerol, and fatty acids (Fig. 3.6). These water-insoluble, oil-soluble esters are common in many biomass species, especially the oilseed crops, but the concentrations are small compared to those of the polysaccharides and lignins. Many saturated fatty acids have been identified as constituents of the lipids. Surprisingly, almost all the fatty acids that have been found in natural lipids are straight-chain acids containing an even number of carbon atoms. Most lipids in biomass are esters of two or three fatty acids, the most common of which are lauric (Cn), myristic (Cu), palmitic (Cia), oleic (Cis), and linoleic (Cis) acids. Palmitic acid is of widest occurrence and is the major constituent (35 to 45%) of the fatty acids of palm oil. Lauric acid is the most abundant fatty acid of palm-kemel oil (52%), coconut oil (48%), and babassu nut oil (46%). The monounsaturated oleic acid and polyunsaturated linoleic acid comprise about 90% of sunflower oil fatty acids. Linoleic acid is the dominant fatty acid in com oil (55%), soybean oil (53%), and safflower oil (75%). Saturated fatty acids of 18 or more carbon atoms are widely distributed, but are usually present in biomass only in trace amounts, except in waxes. 

Glyceryl monooleate is prepared by the esterification of glycerol with fatty acids, chiefly oleic acid. As the fatty acids are not pure substances, but rather a mixture of fatty acids, the product obtained from the esterification will contain a mixture of esters, including stearic and palmitic. Di- and tri-esters may also be present. The composition and, therefore, the physical properties of glyceryl monooleate may thus vary considerably from manufacturer to manufacturer e.g., the melting point may vary from 10-35°C. 

In fact, the commercially avaUable glyceryl monooleate is a mixture of esters of glycerol with a number of fatty acids (long-chain carboxylic acids), the major component of which is the monoester with oleic acid. 

Fatty acid epoxides have numerous uses. In particular, oils and fats of vegetable and animal origin represent the greatest proportion of current consumption of renewable raw materials in the chemical industry, providing applications that cannot be met by petrochemicals [64]. Polyether polyols produced from methyl oleate by the Prileshajev epoxidation (using peracetic acid) are an example. Epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO) is a mixture of the glycerol esters of epoxidized linoleic, linolenic, and oleic acids. It is used as a plasticizer and stabilizer for poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) [1] and as a stabilizer for PVC resins to improve flexibility, elasticity, and toughness [65]. The ESBO market is second to that of epoxy resins and its world wide production... 

Fatty acids play several important roles in fungi, in which they occur as the free acids and as esters, particularly of glycerol. They form energy storage metabolites whilst the phospholipids are components of membranes. The common fatty acids are oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic and stearic acids although... 

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