Olefin sulfonate

Alpha olefins Alpha-olefin sulfonates Alphaprodine [77-20-3]... 

In addition, and 2(S-is CC-olefins can be directly sulfonated to produce a-olefin sulfonate (AOS). AOS was formerly used as an efficient,... 

Gravity override of low density steam leads to poor volumetric sweep efficiency and low oil recovery in steam floods. Nonchemical methods of improving steam volumetric sweep efficiency include completing the injection well so steam is only injected in the lower part of the oil-bearing zone (181), alternating the injection of water and steam (182), and horizontal steam injection wells (183,184). Surfactants frequently are used as steam mobihty control agents to reduce gravity override (185). Field-proven surfactants include alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS), alkyltoluene sulfonates, and neutralized... 

Thermal stabihty of the foaming agent in the presence of high temperature steam is essential. Alkylaromatic sulfonates possess superior chemical stabihty at elevated temperatures (205,206). However, alpha-olefin sulfonates have sufficient chemical stabihty to justify their use at steam temperatures characteristic of most U.S. steamflood operations. Decomposition is a desulfonation process which is first order in both surfactant and acid concentrations (206). Because acid is generated in the decomposition, the process is autocatalytic. However, reservoir rock has a substantial buffering effect. 

The alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS) have been found to possess good salt tolerance and chemical stabiUty at elevated temperatures. AOS surfactants exhibit good oil solubilization and low iaterfacial tension over a wide range of temperatures (219,231), whereas less salt tolerant alkylaromatic sulfonates exhibit excellent chemical stabiUty. The nature of the alkyl group, the aryl group, and the aromatic ring isomer distribution can be adjusted to improve surfactant performance under a given set of reservoir conditions (232,233). 

Surfactants evaluated in surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding include internal olefin sulfonates (259,261), linear alkyl xylene sulfonates (262), petroleum sulfonates (262), alcohol ethoxysulfates (258,261,263), and alcohol ethoxylates/anionic surfactants (257). Water-thickening polymers, either xanthan or polyacrylamide, can reduce injected fluid mobiHty in alkaline flooding (264) and surfactant-enhanced alkaline flooding (259,263). The combined use of alkah, surfactant, and water-thickening polymer has been termed the alkaH—surfactant—polymer (ASP) process. Cross-linked polymers have been used to increase volumetric sweep efficiency of surfactant—polymer—alkaline agent formulations (265). 

Amoco developed polybutene olefin sulfonate for EOR (174). Exxon utilized a synthetic alcohol alkoxysulfate surfactant in a 104,000 ppm high brine Loudon, Illinois micellar polymer small field pilot test which was technically quite successful (175). This surfactant was selected because oil reservoirs have brine salinities varying from 0 to 200,000 ppm at temperatures between 10 and 100°C. Petroleum sulfonate apphcabdity is limited to about 70,000 ppm salinity reservoirs, even with the use of more soluble cosurfactants, unless an effective low salinity preflush is feasible. 

Thermally stable foam additives, such as alkylaryl sulfonates and C -C g alpha-olefin sulfonates, are being used in EOR steam flooding for heavy od production. The foam is used to increase reservoir sweep efficiency (178,179). Foaming agents are under evaluation in chemical CO2 EOR flooding to reduce CO2 channeling and thus increase sweep efficiency (180). 

Anhydrous sulfonic acids, particularly linear alkylben2enesulfonic acids, are typically stored ia stainless steel containers, preferably type 304 or 316 stainless steel. Use of other metals, such as mild steel, contaminates the acid with iron (qv), causiag a darkening of the acid over time (27). The materials are usually viscous oils which may be stored and handled at 30—35°C for up to two months (27). AH other detergent-grade sulfonic acids, eg, alcohol sulfates, alcohol ether sulfates, alpha-olefin sulfonates, and alpha-sulfomethyl esters, are not stored owiag to iastabiUty. These are neutrali2ed to the desired salt. 

Specialty sulfonic acid-based surfactants make up a rather large portion of surfactant production in the United States. Approximately 136,000 metric tons of specialty sulfonic acid-based surfactants were produced in 1992, which included alpha-olefin sulfonates, sulfobetaines, sulfosuccinates, and alkyl diphenyl ether disulfonates (64). These materials found use in the areas of household cleaning products, cosmetics (qv), toiletries, emulsion polymerization, and agricultural chemical manufacture. 

The solubihty characteristics of sodium acyl isethionates allow them to be used in synthetic detergent (syndet) bars. Complex blends of an isethionate and various soaps, free fatty acids, and small amounts of other surfactants reportedly are essentially nonirritant skin cleansers (66). As a rule, the more detersive surfactants, for example alkyl sulfates, a-olefin sulfonates, and alkylaryl sulfonates, are used in limited amounts in skin cleansers. Most skin cleansers are compounded to leave an emollient residue on the skin after rinsing with water. Free fatty acids, alkyl betaines, and some compatible cationic or quaternary compounds have been found to be especially useful. A mildly acidic environment on the skin helps control the growth of resident microbial species. Detergent-based skin cleansers can be formulated with abrasives to remove scaly or hard-to-remove materials from the skin. 

Alpha olefins are important compounds for producing biodegradable detergents. They are sulfonated and neutralized to alpha olefin sulfonates (AOS) ... 

TABLE 3. G values of volatile products from poly(olefin sulfone)s... 

The most radiation-stable poly(olefin sulfone) is polyethylene sulfone) and the most radiation-sensitive is poly(cyclohexene sulfone). In the case of poly(3-methyl-l-butene sulfone) there is very much isomerization of the olefin formed by radiolysis and only 58.5% of the olefin formed is 3-methyl-l-butene. The main isomerization product is 2-methyl-2-butene (37.3% of the olefin). Similar isomerization, though to a smaller extent, occurs in poly(l-butene sulfone) where about 10% of 2-butene is formed. The formation of the olefin isomer may occur partly by radiation-induced isomerization of the initial olefin, but studies with added scavengers73 do not support this as the major source of the isomers. The presence of a cation scavenger, triethylamine, eliminates the formation of the isomer of the parent olefin in both cases of poly(l-butene sulfone) and poly(3-methyl-1-butene sulfone)73 indicating that the isomerization of the olefin occurred mainly by a cationic mechanism, as suggested previously72. 

Hydrogen, which is a major product in the radiolysis of most hydrocarbon polymers, is only a minor product in the radiolysis of poly(olefin sulfone)s, although it is of the largest yield between the minor products. Hydrogen is formed by H atoms combination or by an H atom abstracting hydrogen... 

The effect of the temperature is an exponential increase in the radiolytic yield of the volatile products for each poly(olefin sulfone). If the logarithm of G(volatile products) is... 

FIGURE 8. Overall reactions scheme for radiation degradation of poly(olefin sulfone)s. Reproduced by permission of the authors from Reference 74. 

C. Poly(olefin sulfone)s Molecular Weight Changes... 

The high sensitivity of poly(olefin sulfone)s to chain scission by radiation was first discovered for poly(l-butene sulfone) and poly( 1-hexene sulfone) by Brown and O Donnell79,80. 

Bowden and Thompson83 studied the degradation of thin films of various poly(olefin sulfone)s of low olefins due to radiolysis by electron beams at 20 °C. All samples decreased in thickness, indicating scission and depropagation. 

Synthetic fibers washing (Alkylphenol ethoxylates,) fatty alcohol ethoxylates, alkane (olefine)-sulfonates, fatty alcohol (ether) sulfates, end-group-blocked fatty alcohol ethoxylates... 

TABLE 7 Calcium Ion Tolerance of C20 24 Olefin Sulfonate Surfactants3... 

Comparison of entries 4 and 8 of Table 16 shows that linear IOS 2024 and AOS 2024 adsorption values were the same within a modest experimental error. The major chemical structure difference between them is the position of the sulfonate group on the carbon chain and perhaps the position of the carbon-carbon double bond. These two factors do not appear to have an appreciable effect on adsorption. Therefore, the lower adsorption of IOS 1518 relative to AOS 1618 is probably due to the greater hydrophobe branching of the internal olefin sulfonate or the lower di.monosulfonate ratio. 

FIG. 18 The effect of chain length on the pseudo rate constants (Km (100 90)) of n-hexadecane solubilization by olefinsulfonates/dobanol 45-3 solutions at 40°C. AOS, a-olefinsulfonate IOS a, aged I-olefinsulfonate IOS d, directly hydrolyzed I-olefin-sulfonate. 

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