Foam additives

Thermally stable foam additives, such as alkylaryl sulfonates and C -C g alpha-olefin sulfonates, are being used in EOR steam flooding for heavy od production. The foam is used to increase reservoir sweep efficiency (178,179). Foaming agents are under evaluation in chemical CO2 EOR flooding to reduce CO2 channeling and thus increase sweep efficiency (180). 

The entrainment of air in lubricating oil can be brought about by operating conditions (for example, churning) and by bad design such as a return pipe that is not submerged. The air bubbles naturally rise to the surface, and if they do not burst quickly, a blanket of foam will form on the oil surface. Further air escape in thus prevented and the oil becomes aerated. Oil in this condition can have an adverse affect on the system that, in extreme cases, could lead to machine failure. The function of an anti-foam additive is to assist in the burst of air bubbles when they reach the surface of the oil. 

I. C. Callaghan and A. S. Taylor. Fluorosilicone anti-foam additive composition for use in crude oil separation. Patent GB 2234978,1991. 

The majority of alternatives had moderate or high concern for aquatic toxicity and moderate concern for systemic toxicity, mostly based on measured data. All but two of the chemicals are foam additives, increasing the chance of release from foam to the environment. More positively, many of the alternative chemicals have only low or... 

Figure le-h represents the final binarized images, which have been evaluated. For PE and PLA foams, transverse SEM sections (Figures le and f, respectively), the distribution of the equivalent circular diameter of the ultramacropores, = V4A/n, where A = Number of pixels for each pore multiplied by a calibration constant, has been taken. Taking into account the complex morphology of the ultramacroporous in PLA foams, additional parameters for these pores have also been measured (1) the ultramacropore density 5m, which is defined as 5m =Number of pixels characteristic of the ultramacropores / Number of pixels of the whole... 

Anti-wear additives are but one of a number of additive types formulated into base oils - there are also anti-oxidants. Chapter 4, and anti-acid, detergents anddis-persants. Chapter 7, lubricity, anti-wear, extreme pressure, pour point depressants, anti-rust and anti-foam additives. Chapter 6. Viscosity index improvers, VIIs, are high-molecular weight polymers which alter the temperature dependence of the base oil viscosity. Chapter 5. Taken altogether, the additive mass percentage of a formulated lubricant can be as high as 15-20%, a veritable chemical soup but one which is very carefully formulated and tested. The additives are often multi-functional, thus some VII compounds have a pour point depressant function. Chapters 5 and 6. Some anti-oxidants have anti-wear and also anti-acid functionality. Chapters 4, 6 and 3. Given these cross-interactions, formulation of a final lubricant product is a complex and skilled activity. Chapters 8-13. 

Most recently, he served as Technical Director for Colgate-Palmolive Company s Greater China operation. He is the author of Material and Energy Balances as well as being author or co-author of several scientific papers and book chapters, including a chapter on foam additives in Foams Theory, Measurements, and Applications (Marcel Dekker, Inc.), and two chapters in the first edition and four chapters in this second edition of Liquid Detergents. 

With such an anti-foam sterilizer as Fig. 7, a fermentation facility can install a sterile, recirculating, anti-foam system. Commercial anti-foam probes are available and reliable. Frequently, a variable timer is placed in the circuit between the probe and a solenoid valve which permits anti-foam additions to the fermenter. In this manner, anti-foam can be programmed or fed by demand with the ability to change the volume of the addition. It is also possible to place a meter in the sterile anti-foam line of each fermenter in order to control and/or measure the volume added per run. 

Intex Scour, [bitex] Alkanolamide or phosphate detergent, emulsifier, scouring agent, foam additive for shanqxx), textile dyeing and processing. 

General formulation SPI (57%), Kymene (43%) PF resin (86%), wheat flour (9%), soybean meal(5%), foaming additive Soybean meal, protease (<0.5% flour solids), cellulase (<0.5% flour solids), antifoam... 

ANTI-FOAM ADDITIVE (FOAM INHIBITOR) An additive used to reduce or prevent foaming. 

Uses Emulsifier for min. oils, animal oils, lubricants, metalworking fluids, cutting oils, cosmetics, agric. codetergent for industrial use defoamer in effluent treatment, pulp/paper processes low foaming additive in detergents, l l hard surf, cleaners, pulp/paper chems. 

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