Oilseeds sunflower

Fractionation of Allelochemicals from Oilseed Sunflowers and Jerusalem Artichokes... 

Fatty acid Chain length Unsaturations Brassica oilseed (%) Sunflower (%) Soybean (%) Linseed (%) Olive (%) Peanut (%) Castor (%)... 

In India much oil is still sold by small mills that simply filter oil from the press and supply the product in small tins or even in the consumer s own vessel. Safflower production is by and large a neighborhood affair in India. While the government is encouraging more production of all types of oilseeds, sunflower, which has much wider adaptation than safflower, enjoyed spectacular increase in production in the 1990s. 

Production of oil from commodity oilseeds (sunflower, soybeans, and rape) does not appear economically viable, because of the higher costs of high-pressure batch processes. But there can be areas in which supercritical fluid extraction can be useful especially for the extraction of high-value oils. 

Highly pure / -hexane is used to extract oils from oilseeds such as soybeans, peanuts, sunflower seed, cottonseed, and rapeseed. There has been some use of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon-derived solvents such as methylene chloride to extract caffein from coffee beans, though this use is rapidly being supplanted by supercritical water and/or carbon dioxide, which are natural and therefore more acceptable to the pubHc. 

An alternative method of produciag hydrocarbon fuels from biomass uses oils that are produced ia certaia plant seeds, such as rape seed, sunflowers, or oil palms, or from aquatic plants (see Soybeans and other oilseeds). Certain aquatic plants produce oils that can be extracted and upgraded to produce diesel fuel. The primary processiag requirement is to isolate the hydrocarbon portion of the carbon chain that closely matches diesel fuel and modify its combustion characteristics by chemical processiag. 

Sunflower. Two types of sunflowers are grown in the United States. Varieties grown for oilseed production, ca 85% of crop, are generally black-seeded, having thin seed coats that adhere to the kernels. These contain 40—50% oil and ca 20% protein. Nonoilseed varieties, ca 15% of crop, sometimes referred to as confectionery, striped, or large-seeded sunflowers, have striped, relatively thick hulls that do not adhere to the kernels. These contain 20—30% oil and are usually larger than seeds of oilseed varieties. 

Compositions of the four oilseeds are given in Table 2. All except soybeans have a high content of seed coat or hull. Because of the high hull content, the cmde fiber content of the other oilseeds is also high. Confectionery varieties of sunflower seed may contain up to 28% cmde fiber on a dry basis (8). Soybeans differ from the other oilseeds in their high protein and low oil content. AH these oilseeds, however, yield high protein meals when dehuUed and defatted. 

Minor Constituents. All four oilseeds contain minor constituents that affect the use of the defatted seeds, especially in feeds and foods. Percentages of phytic acid [83-86-3] (3), for example, are soybean, 1.0—1.5 (30) cottonseed kernels, 2.2—3.8 (25) peanut kernels, 0.8 (25) and sunflower, 1.6-1.7 (31). 

Soybeans are the predominant oilseed crop in the world, providing one-half of the total oilseed production (Table 7). Cottonseed is second. Worldwide, rapeseed is in third place, but this is stiU a minor oilseed in the United States. Peanuts and sunflower are fourth and fifth, respectively. Since becoming estabhshed as a crop in the United States, soybeans have shown phenomenal growth and contribute significantly to the agricultural economy (Table 8). 

Average prices of the principal U.S. oilseeds and derived products for 1990—1994 are summarized in Table 9. The United States is the principal producer of soybeans China is the largest grower of cottonseed and peanuts Argentina leads in the production of sunflower seed (Table 10). 

U.S. exports of the other oilseeds are smaller and foUow different patterns (50). Exports accounted for only 2—3% of the cottonseed crop and 16—31% of the processed oil production for 1991—1994. Of the peanut crop ca one-half is consumed domestically as whole nut products and 15—20% is exported. Only about 10% of the sunflower seed crop is exported. From 1991 to 1994 an average of 70% of the oil was exported, but only about 11% of the meal was shipped overseas. 

Although soybeans contribute about one-half of the world production of oilseeds, they supply less than one-third of the total edible vegetable fats and oils (Table 11) because of their relatively low oil content. Nonetheless, production of soybean oil exceeds the combined production of cottonseed, peanut, and sunflower seed oils. 

Oil. Most cmde oil obtained from oilseeds is processed further and converted into edible products. Only a small fraction of the total oil from soybeans, cottonseed, peanuts, and sunflower seed is used for industrial (nonedible) purposes. 

Use of some oilseed proteins in foods is limited by flavor, color, and flatus effects. Raw soybeans, for example, taste grassy, beany, and bitter. Even after processing, residues of these flavors may limit the amounts of soybean proteins that can be added to a given food (87). The use of cottonseed and sunflower seed flours is restricted by the color imparted by gossypol and phenoHc acids, respectively. Flatus production by defatted soy flours has been attributed to raffinose and stachyose, which are removed by processing the flours into concentrates and isolates (88). 

The plant of choice which can be used for PHA production will be influenced by a number of factors. Of prime importance is cost, i. e., in which crop will PHA production be cheapest. The answer to this question is likely to be different depending on the agricultural economics of each country. For example, if one considers oilseed crops, rapeseed may be the best crop for Northern European countries and Canada, sunflower for Southern European countries, and soybean for the USA. Other important factors which may influence the choice of target plant are the nature of the metabolic pathway that needs to modified for synthesis of a particular PHA, the procedure used for PHA purification, and the other uses of the crop besides PHA production. 

The pulses and certain oilseeds (soy, peanuts, sunflower seed, sesame, and glandless cottonseed) were first accepted by man for their storage stability, high nutrition-to-weight ratio, and attractiveness of the foods that can be made from them. 

Typically, full-fat flours are made by hammer milling the seed to pass through 80-mesh or smaller size screens. However, grinding of oilseeds containing over 25% oil results in sticky flours. Thus, partially-defatted peanut and sunflower seed flours are made by first screw pressing the seed to reduce the oil to 6-18% fat content. 

The solubility of C60 and C70 in a series of vegetable oils, namely olive, sunflower, peanut, soybean, linseed and castor oil, has been determined quantitatively spectrophotometrically. Additionally, the solubility of C60 and C70 has been determined quantitatively in the methyl esters of brassica oilseed and only qualitatively in molten cow butter, molten stearic acid and molten behenamide. The experimental results show that the solubility of fullerenes appears to be dependent on the unsaturation level of the fatty acids composing the vegetable oils being lower in oils with higher unsaturation level. The solubility has been found dependent also on the polarizability parameter of the vegetable oils. 

Fullerenes were high purity grades (99 + %) from Southern Chemicals LLC. Vegetable oils were commercially available oils from olive, linseed, soybean, sunflower, peanut and castor. A methyl ester of brassica oilseed also was employed. 

Fig. 13.3 Electronic absorption spectra of C60 fullerene dissolved in (A) brassica oilseeds methyl ester (biodiesel) (B) olive oil (C) sunflower oil (D) soybean oil (E) linseed oil (F) linseed oil and C60 fullerene after heating at 150°C for 15 minutes...

This NMR protocol for simultaneous moisture and oil determination in oilseeds, grains, and nuts has been standardized internationally in International Standard Organization (ISO) 10565 (1999). This applies to mature seeds with preservation-level moisture content (e.g., <10% for canola and sunflower seed, <14% for soybean). 

Oilseeds, oil fruits, their products and by-products rapeseed, expeller and hulls soybean as bean, toasted, expeller and hulls sunflower seed as seed and expeller cotton as seed and seed expeller linseed as seed and expeller sesame seed as expeller palm kernels as expeller pumpkin seed as expeller olives, olive pulp vegetable oils (from physical extraction). (Turnip rapeseed expeller was delisted in 2004.)... 

The major protein sources used in animal production are oilseed meals. Their use in poultry diets was reviewed by Ravindran and Blair (1992). Soybeans, groundnuts, canola and sunflowers are grown primarily for their seeds, which produce oils for human consumption and industrial uses. Cottonseed is a by-product of cotton production, and its oil is widely used for food and other purposes. In the past linseed (flax) was grown to provide fibre for linen cloth production. The invention of the cotton gin made cotton more available for clothing materials and the demand for linen cloth decreased. Production of linseed is now directed mainly to industrial oil production. Thus, soybean is clearly the predominant oilseed produced in the world. 

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