Oil-contaminated soil

Baiba, M., Al-Awadhi, N., and Al-Daher, R., Bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil Microbiological methods for feasibility assessment and field evaluation, J Microbiol Methods, 32 (2), 155-164, 1998. 

White P. M., Wolf D. C., Thoma G. J., and Reynolds C. M., 2006, Phytoremediation of alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a crude oil-contaminated soil, Water Air SoilPollut. 160 207-220. 

Bezalel et al. (1996) reported that the white rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus, grown in basidiomycetes rich medium, metabolized 94% of the phenanthrene added. Approximately 52% was converted to /rans-9,10-dihydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (28%), 2,2 -diphenic acid (17%), and unidentified metabolites (17%). In addition, 3% was mineralized to carlaon dioxide. Sack et al. (1997) reported that phenanthrene was degraded by an Aspergillus niger sixain isolated from a mineral oil-contaminated soil in La Plata, Argentina. The major metabolite was identified via GC/MS as 1-methoxyphenanthrene. Two minor metabolites identified were 1- and 2-phenanthrol. 

Sack et al. (1997) reported that pyrene was degraded by an Aspergillus niger strain isolated from a mineral oil-contaminated soil in La Plata, Argentina. The major metabolite was identified via GC/MS as 1-methoxypyrene. 1-Pyrenol was identified as a minor metabolite. 

McGill WB, Rowell MJ. 1980. Determination of oil content of oil contaminated soil. Sci Total Environ 14 245-253. 

At another site, the cost of remediation of gasoline- and fuel-oil-contaminated soil was estimated to be 100 to 120 per ton however, if the unit was used at more than one site, net treatment costs could be as low as 20 to 30 per ton (D12140U, p. 34). 

This technology is applicable to sites with hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, including drill cuttings, oil-contaminated soil around tank batteries and refineries, oil field service and storage facilities, and service stations. 

Soil P. aeruginosa UG2 from oil contaminated soil, also UG2 with chromosomal reporter genes 12 weeks... 

Exposure to crude oil can occur through both direct contact with the material and contact with environmental media contaminated with crude oil. The primary route of exposure in the environment to crude oil is direct dermal contact with liquid oil. In the workplace, the primary route of exposure is also dermal contact. Inhalation exposure to crude oil could occur through the production of oil mists or through inhalation of the volatile fraction of the crude oil. Exposure to crude oil through contact with environmental media also constitutes significant routes of exposure. This can occur at spill sites, in former oil fields developed into other uses, or areas of natural oil seeps. Dermal contact or incidental ingestion of soil contaminated with crude oil, as well as the inhalation of dust from crude oil-contaminated soil are common at crude oil contaminated sites. Both human and animal exposures can occur when crude oil is released into the aquatic environment. 

R.R. Suleimanov and R.N. Sitdikov, Reclamation of Oil-contaminated Soils and Grounds Using Industrial Detergent, Neftyanoe Khozyaistvo. 12, 115-117, Dec. (2003). 

Weissman, S. and Kunze, C. (1994) Microbial activity in heating oil contaminated soil under field and controlled conditions. Angewandte Botanik, 68, 137-142. 

In some applications degradation to lower molecular weight compounds raffier than gasification is desired. For example the extraction of oil-contaminated soil, which is not biologically degradable, leads to a mixture that can be treated in a conventional sewage treatment process [150, 151]. 

Solvent extraction and simultaneous soil agglomeration to remediate oil-contaminated soil. 

To collect oil-contaminated soil samples, common tools such as shovels, trowels, scoops, hand-operated auger coring devices are suitable for the top 30 cm. From 30 to 100 cm, one can manually remove the top layer of soil and then use the common tools as described above. For oil deposited on solid surfaces such as wood, rock, and concrete, it can be scrapped off the solid surfaces and placed directly into a sample container. On prolonged weathering at sea, oil tends to form blackish, semisolid tar balls (in diameter of 1 mm to 300 mm). They can be collected by hand and placed into sample containers without difficulty. If freshly spilled oUs or refined products have been absorbed and penetrated into sand or soil, representative oil-contaminated sand or sediment samples from various sites and varying depth should be collected. 

Determination of Selected Priority PoUntant Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Oil Contaminated Soil nsing LLE-RP-HPLC-PDA/ Determination of Oil and Grease in Contaminated Soil via Qnantitative Fonrier-Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry ... 

Bioremediation of Petroleum oil Contaminated Soil and Water. Research Journal of Environmental Toxicology, Vol,5, pp. 1-26... 

On the other hand, bioremediation was considered to be the most cost-effective and environmental friendly technology to treat oil-contaminated soil currently. And the combination of microbe and plant would be practical and effective. 

In this study, oil-contaminated soil in Tianjin and was used for domestication at different temperatures. Two different communities of bacteria depend on crude oil as sole carbon source were foimd and the main foundation of temperature on the microbial community screening was researched and revealed. The biodegradation characteristic was studied then. The effect of combined remediation by winter wheat and cold-adapted degrading bacterial was examined. In order to explore the effect of combined remediation by bacterial and plant at low temperature on petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated sod, the TPH removal and the catalase activity were examined at different incubation time in different treatments. 

Microbial community of oil-contaminated soil at different temperature conditions... 

Kuyukina MS, Ivshina IB, Kamenskikh TN, Bulicheva AV, Stukova GI (2013) Survival of cryogel-immobilized Rhodococcus strains in crude oil-contaminated soil and their impact on biodegradation efficiency. Int Biodeter Biodegr 84 118-125... 

Hydrocarbon degrading Acinetobacter baumanni strain S30, isolated from crude oil contaminated soil was inserted with a lux gene from the lu-ciferase gene cassette lux CD ABE. The modified bacteria helped to decide the level of soil contamination with crude oil [14],... 

Mishra, S. Sarma, P. M. Lai B. Crude oil degradation efficiency of a recombinant Acinetobacter baumannii strain and its survival in crude oil-contaminated soil microcosm. FEMSMicrobiol. Lett., Jun. 2004,235(2), 323-331. 

Total volume of oil-contaminated soil in oil lakes, trenches. 64 [15]... 

High levels of heavy metals in plants that were covered by oil mist and grew in oil-contaminated soils [56]. Plants that were subjected to aerosol deposits are therefore not suitable for grazing. 

During 1990 to 1991, the Kuwait desert environment was polluted by the formation of oil lakes and oil-contaminated soil surfaces from the sabotage of the oil infrastructure by the retreating Iraqi troops. More than 798 functional wells were... 

Oil-contaminated soil can also be treated by passing through a rotary kiln where it is allowed to remain for sufficient duration to achieve a soil temperature sufficient (between 371 and 482°C) to volatilize the contaminants (HTTP). The combustion gas in the HTTD system remains either in direct contact with contaminated soil (direct-fired high-temperature thermal desorption) or is separated from the vaporized petroleum hydrocarbons or volatilized residue (indirect-fired HTTP). The treated soil is then cooled and passed through the rehydration unit before being screened and stockpiled. The HTTD-treated soil is black in color, completely sterile, and lacks soil structure [15]. It is also expensive compared to bioremediation. 

Limited studies have been conducted on the use of plants for rehabilitating oil-contaminated soils and on the effects of uptake of petroleum hydrocarbons by these plants. Further research is required on the applicability of phytoremediation methods for restoration and rehabilitation of oil-contaminated soils in the Kuwaiti desert. 

Al-Awadhi NM, Williamson KJ, Isok JD (1993) Remediation of Kuwait s oil-contaminated soils. In Kotecherski P, Calabrese EJ (eds) Hydrocarbon contaminated soils and groundwater. Lewis Publishers, Michigan, USA... 

Al-Awadhi N, El-Nawawy A, Al-Daher R (1992) In situ and on-site remediation of oil contaminated soils in Kuwait. Proceedings of the Third World Academy of Sciences... 

Crocetti, C. A., C. L. Head, and A. J. Ricciardelli. 1992. Aeration-Enhanced Bioremediation of Oil-Contaminated Soils A Laboratory Treatment Study, in Proceedings of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, NGWA, Dublin, OH, pp. 427-440. 

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