Bacteria modified

PUSZTAI A, EWEN S W, GRANT G, PEUMANS W J, VAN DAMME E J, COATES M E, BARDOCZ S (1995) Lectins and also bacteria modify the glycosylation of gut surface receptors in the rat Glycoconj J. 12 22-35. 

Fig. 1 Possible mechanisms for the removal of azo dyes by bacteria (modified from [86])...

Bacteria (modified) bioaccumulation Carbon powder sorbents modified with L-cysteine methyl ester FIBAN-As (Ion-exchange polymeric fibers impregnated with iron (oxy)(hydr)oxides)... 

Figure 1. Higher taxa of phototrophic bacteria (modified after (3) and (9)).

FIGURE 9.57 Interactions of sulfate on the reduction of Fe(III) and release of Fe(II) and phosphate. SRB, sulfate-reducing bacteria FeRB, iron-reducing bacteria. (Modified from Roden and Edmonds, 1997.)... 

Figure 24.1 Feedback and feedforward control loops that regulate heat shock in bacteria (modified from El-Samad, et al., 2006) (positive feedback is common in biological systems).

Vos M H, Jones M R, Hunter C N, Breton J, Lambry J C and Martin J L 1996 Femtosecond spectroscopy and vibrational coherence of membrane-bound RCs of Rhodobacfe/ sp/raero/des genetically modified at positions M210 and LI 81 The Reaction Center of Photosynthetic Bacteria—Structure and Dynamics ed M E Michel-Beyerle (Berlin Springer) pp 271-80... 

Some chemicals such as iadigo, tryptophan, and phenylalanine are overproduced ia bacteria by pathway engineering (36—38). In this method, the enzymes iavolved ia the entire pathway are overproduced. In addition, the host bacterium is also altered such that the carbon flow is directed toward the engiaeered pathway (38). E. colih.2LS been modified to overproduce iadigo and tryptophan and phenylalanine. CoTjnebacteriumglutamicum has been engiaeered to overproduce tryptophan from 28 to 43 g/L. Similarly, attempts are underway to overproduce several vitamins by pathway engineering (34,38). 

Saline Water for Municipal Distribution. Only a very small amount of potable water is actually taken by people or animals internally, and it is quite uneconomical to desalinate all municipally piped water, although all distributed water must be clear and free of harmful bacteria. Most of the water piped to cities and industry is used for Htfle more than to carry off small amounts of waste materials or waste heat. In many locations, seawater can be used for most of this service. If chlorination is requited, it can be accompHshed by direct electrolysis of the dissolved salt (21). Arrayed against the obvious advantage of economy, there are several disadvantages use of seawater requites different detergents sewage treatment plants must be modified the usual metal pipes, pumps, condensers, coolers, meters, and other equipment corrode more readily chlorination could cause environmental poUution and dual water systems must be built and maintained. 

Figure 3 Some interactions between gastrointestinal bacteria and the xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme system of the host. Solid lines, host XME system reactions dotted lines, classes of reactions mediated by gastrointestinal bacteria. Specific examples of reaction classes 1-5 are cited in the text. (Modified from Rowland and Tanaka " )...

In addition to unsaturated fatty acids, several other modified fatty acids are found in nature. Microorganisms, for example, often contain branched-chain fatty acids, such as tuberculostearic acid (Figure 8.2). When these fatty acids are incorporated in membranes, the methyl group constitutes a local structural perturbation in a manner similar to the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids (see Chapter 9). Some bacteria also synthesize fatty acids containing cyclic structures such as cyclopropane, cyclopropene, and even cyclopentane rings. 

Although bacteria may predominate, moulds, yeasts and protozoa may be associated with bacteria, or, under some conditions, may either cause corrosion by themselves, or modify it drastically. 

O-phosphotransferases that modify macrolides are produced by highly macrolide resistant E. coli isolates. However, these enzymes have no clinical importance for macrolide resistance in gram-positive bacteria, and gram-negative ones are regarded as naturally resistant [2]. 

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