Of blood and bone marrow

McElrath MJ, Pruett JE, Cohn ZA (1989) Mononuclear phagocytes of blood and bone marrow comparative roles as viral reservoirs in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infections. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86(2) 675-679... 

The experience shows that HSC transplantation (peripheral blood, bone marrow, and cord blood) is the effective method of treatment of oncological and hematological diseases. The number of transplantation centers and HSC transplantations carried out in them increases every year. For example, the European Group of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) included 145 transplantation centers from 20 European countries in 1990, and the number increased to 592 centers functioning in 38 European and 5 non-European countries in 2004. While 4234 autologous and allogeneic... 

Pernicious anemia microscopic abnormalities of blood and bone marrow correlating with B12-deficiency... 

Sodium Phosphate P 32. Sodium phosphate P 32. sodium radiophosphate, is supplied as an aqueous solution of a mixture of NaH2 P04 and Na2H P04 with a pH range ofS.O to 6.0. It contains S mCi/vial (0.67 mCi/mL) of radio-xtivity. expressed as a pure /3-emitter with a half-life of 14.3 days. Sodium phosphate P 32 is indicated for treatment of polycythemia vera. chronic myelocytic leukemia, and CLL Depression of leukocytes and platelets requires monitoring of blood and bone marrow at regular intervals. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients Recommendations of CDC, the Infectious Disease Society of America, and the American Society of Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation. MMWR 2000 49. No. RR-10 52-53 and 97-118. 

IOANNIDES, C. and PARKE, D.V. (1990) The cytochrome P-450 I gene family of microsomal haemoproteins and their role in the metabolic activation of chemicals. DrugMetab. Rev., 22, 1. IRONS, R.D. (editor) (1985) Toxicology of Blood and Bone Marrow, Target Organ Toxicology Series, edited by R.L.Dixon (New York Raven Press). 

The contamination of blood and bone marrow samples during sample collection by epidermal epithelial cells or epithelial cells of skin appendages in addition to other nonepithelial cells such as Merkel cells and melanocytes, which can be the cause of false-positive results. To avoid this contamination it is recommended to... 

Code CF, Jensen JL. A comparison of the histamine content of blood and bone marrow. Am J Physiol 131 768-775, 1941. 

MANAGING HONE MARROW SUPPRESSION. Bone marrow suppression is a potentially dangerous adverse reaction resulting in decreased production of blood cells. Bone marrow suppression is manifested by abnormal laboratory test results and clinical evidence of leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or anemia For example, there is a decrease in the white blood cells or leukocytes (leukopenia), a decrease in the thrombocytes (thrombocytopenia), and a decrease in the red blood cells, resulting in anemia Fhtients with leukopenia have a decreased resistance to infection, and the nurse must monitor them closely for any signs of infection. 

Systemic poisons attack organs other than the site of contact. The critical organs arc the kidneys, liver, blood and bone marrow. 

Majka M, Rozmyslowicz T, Ratajczak J, Dobrowsky A, Pietrzkowski Z, Gaulton GN, Janowska-Wieczorek A, Ratajczak MZ (2000) The limited infectabiUty by R5 HIV of CD34(+) cells from thymus, cord, and peripheral blood and bone marrow is explained by their ability to produce beta-chemokines. Exp Hematol 28(12) 1334-1342... 

Mazza V, Brancaccio A. 1967. [Characteristics of the formed elements of the blood and bone marrow in experimental trichloroethylene intoxication.] Folia Med 50 318-324. (Italian)... 

O The acute leukemias are hematologic malignancies of bone marrow precursors characterized by excessive production of immature hematopoietic cells. This proliferation results in a large number of immature cells (blasts) appearing in the peripheral blood and bone marrow causing failure of normal hematopoiesis. 

CLL is characterized by small, relatively incompetent B lymphocytes that accumulate in the blood and bone marrow over time. The exact cell of origin is controversial but has been described as an antigen-activated B lymphocyte.3... 

Cramer, E.M., Beesley, J.E., Pulford, K.A.F., Breton-Gorius, J., and Mason, D.Y. (1989) Colocalization of elastase and myeloperoxidase in human blood and bone marrow neutrophils using a monoclonal antibody and immunogold. Am. J. Pathol. 134, 1275-1284. 

TOXICOLOGY OF THE BLOOD AND BONE MARROW Richard D. Irons, editor, 192 pp., 1985... 

Target tissues. The target tissues were blood and bone marrow. The expected levels of phenol in blood and bone marrow, and total hydroquinone were substantially higher after phenol administration than after benzene administration. 

The study was performed in patients exposed to ionizing radiation after Chernobyl accident. Comparison groups included patients and healthy individuals exposed to the natural radiation levels. Control group included healthy volunteers who resided in Kyiv since Chernobyl accident Distribution by diagnosis is presented at table 1. Investigated persons were at the age of 43-72 (mean+SD for the exposed group 52,3 + 10,1 yrs for control group- 46,3 + 11,3 yrs). All studied persons participated by informed consent. Peripheral blood and bone marrow samples were obtained by a standard procedure (National. Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 1991). Flow... 

Hematological Effects. Diazinon exposure is not likely to produce adverse effects on the blood and bone marrow in humans. Hematological analysis performed on samples from 5 individuals (3 males, 2 females) who intentionally ingested 60-180 mL of 25% diazinon solution (estimated to deliver a dose of... 

Autio, K., Renzi, L., Catalan, J., Albrecht, O.E. Sorsa, M. (1994) Induction of micronuclei in peripheral blood and bone marrow erythrocytes of rats and mice exposed to 1,3-butadiene by inhalation. Mutat. Res., 309, 315-320... 

Styles, J. A., Richardson, C.R. Burlinson, B. (1983) A comparison of the incidence of micronuclei in blood and bone marrow in 3 strains of mouse dosed with cyclophosphamide or hexa-methylphosphoramide (HMPA). Mutat. Res., 122, 143-147... 

Another group of blood tests involves bacteriological techniques. Blood and bone marrow samples are obtained under aseptic precautions and introduced into a variety of artificial culture media, with subsequent isolation and identification of the specific microorganism responsible for the illness. Relative susceptibility of the specific strain of bacteria to the available chemotherapeutic and antibiotic agents may then be determined and the effectiveness of such agents in sterilizing the blood-stream can be determined by further blood cultures. 

Antilymphocyte antibody acts primarily on the small, long-lived peripheral lymphocytes that circulate between the blood and the lymph. With continued administration, "thymus-dependent" lymphocytes from the cuffs of lymphoid follicles are also depleted, as they normally participate in the recirculating pool. As a result of destruction or inactivation of the T cells, an impairment of delayed hypersensitivity and cellular immunity occurs while humoral antibody formation remains relatively intact. ALG and ATG are useful for suppressing certain major compartments (eg, T cells) of the immune system and play a definite role in the management of organ and bone marrow transplantation. 

Hematopoietic cells were collected from peripheral blood and bone marrow of the CML mice 10 days after bone marrow transplantation. 

Hairy Cell Leukemia (HCL). This B cell malignancy primarily involves the red pulp of the spleen (not white pulp), peripheral blood, and bone marrow and is composed of medium-sized, bland-appearing lymphocytes with relatively abundant cytoplasm including hairy cytoplasmic projections. 

These tumors are composed of lymphoblasts of T cell origin. The disease occurs most frequently in teenage males, who present with a mediastinal mass with or without peripheral blood and bone marrow involvement (K18). 

Bender, J.G., Unverzagt, K.L., Walker, D.E., Lee, W., Van Epps, D.E., Smith, D.H., Stewart, C.C., and To, L.B. 1991. Identification and comparison of CD34-positive cells and their subpopulations from normal peripheral blood and bone marrow using multicolor flow cytometry. Blood 77 2591-2596. 

Skin keratosis, decrease in the production of blood cells, bone marrow suppression, abnormal heart function, liver/ kidney damage, impaired nerve function, damage to foetus in animals Argyria and may affect brain and kidneys... 

The uPAR expression on leukemic cells was compared to that on peripheral blood and bone marrow cells from healthy individuals in two studies using flow cytometric analysis. Both studies used the domain I-specific anti-Mo3f (also termed 3B10) and VIM-5 mAbs [147, 148], The uPAR expression on neutrophils and monocytes in peripheral blood from healthy donors was verified in both studies and found uPAR expressed neither on resting B nor on resting T lymphocytes. uPAR expressed on monocytes and neutrophils could bind the added ATF of uPA [147], showing that at least some of the uPAR molecules present on these cells were unoccupied. When blasts from AML patients were analyzed, they were found to express uPAR and the... 

Plesner T, Behrendt N, Ploug M. Structure, function and expression on blood and bone marrow cells of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, uPAR. Stem Cells 1997 15(6) 398-408. 

AP had not been used extensively in immunohistochemistry until publication of the unlabeled alkaline phosphatase-antialkaline phosphatase (APAAP) procedure (2, 3). The soluble immune complexes utilized in this procedure have molecular weights of approximately 560 kDa. The major advantage of the APAAP procedure compared to the earlier peroxidase techniques was the lack of interference posed by endogenous peroxidase activity. Because of the potential distraction of endogenous peroxidase activity, the alkaline phosphatase techniques were particularly recommended for use on blood and bone marrow smears. Endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity from bone, kidney, liver and some white cells can be inhibited by the addition of 1 mM levamisole to the substrate solution (4), although 5 mM has been found to be more effective (5). Intestinal alkaline phosphatases are not adequately inhibited by levamisole. 

In summary, benzene poisoning results in the development of pancytopenia, a condition characterized by decreased numbers of circulating erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. The potential mechanisms for the development of pancytopenia in humans include the destruction of bone marrow stem cells, the impairment of the differentiation of these cells, and/or the destruction of more mature hematopoietic cell precursors and circulating cells. Furthermore, pancytopenia can result from the combined destruction of the peripheral blood and bone marrow elements. In effect, individuals that develop pancytopenia and have continued exposure to benzene may develop aplastic anemia (i.e., pancytopenia associated with fatty replacement of functional bone marrow) others may exhibit both pancytopenia and bone marrow hyperplasia, a condition that suggests a preleukemic state. The data suggest that individual workers vary in their reactions to benzene. 

Green et al. (1981 b) examined the effect of benzene inhalation on the peripheral blood and bone marrow of CD-I mice following exposures to 0 or 9.6 ppm for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 10 weeks (50 days), or to 0 or 302 ppm for 6 hours per day, 5 days per week for 26 weeks. Animals exposed to... 

---