Relative susceptibility

Table 8. Relative Susceptibility to Stress Corrosion and Dealloying of Commercial Copper Alloys...

Table 8.5 Relative susceptibilities to cracking of a mild steel in boiling 4n NH4NO3 after...

The relative susceptibility of metals to atmospheric corrosion varies widely with the type of contaminant, e.g. zinc and cadmium, two metals that are used for the protection of steel in exposed environments, are both rapidly attacked by organic acidson the other hand, aluminium alloys resist attack by organic acids but may be rapidly corroded by chlorides, especially at crevices or areas of contact. 

Various authors have investigated the relative susceptibility of a variety of metals to attack by the lower fatty acids the results show that magnesium, lead, steel, zinc and cadmium are ail rapidly attacked (Donovan and Stringer for instance, showed that zinc corrodes at a rate of 5 / m per surface per week at 30 C and 1(X)% r.h. in air that contains 0-5 parts per million of acetic acid) copper and nickel are attacked less rapidly, and aluminium, tin and silver are resistant to attack. 

TABLE 14.1 Relative Susceptibility to Attack by Cl- of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Positions at 100 and 600° C in the Gas Phase... 

All of the quantitative models are implicitly dose-dependent. This is of particular importance with respect to interspecies comparisons since it may be possible for the relative susceptibility of species to reverse on going from higher to lower doses. 

Radiosensitivity—Relative susceptibility of cells, tissues, organs, organisms, or any living substance to the injurious action of radiation. Radiosensitivity and its antonym, radioresistance, are currently used in a comparative sense, rather than in an absolute one. 

It can be assumed that almost any material that is poisonous to insects is poisonous to man, the main variables being the dose and relative susceptibilities of the species. The agricultural chemicals, like other chemicals, reach the body by inhalation, ingestion, and contact with the skin and mucous membranes. They may cause acute and chronic diseases which vary from superficial skin and mucous membrane inflammations to serious and sometimes fatal systemic conditions. 

Prolonged residence in the intestine or urinary bladder lumen could allow time for significant reaction with tissue components however, N-glucuronyloxy-AAF was only weakly carcinogenic at local subcutaneous sites of application (89). Enzymatic deacetylation to N-glucuronyloxy-AF has been detected in hepatic tissue but this activity in different species does not correlate with their relative susceptibility to AAF hepatocarcinogenesis (94). On the other hand, the alkaline pH-induced conversion to a reactive derivative may play an important role in urinary bladder carcinogenesis (87) by AAF and other arylamides in those species or individuals where normal urine pH is alkaline (e.g. normal rabbit urine pH is 8.5-9.0). 

Calver, M.C., J.C. Mclhoy, D.R. King, J.S. Bradley, and J.L. Gardner. 1989b. Assessment of an approximate lethal dose technique for determining the relative susceptibility of non-target species to 1080 toxin. Austral. Wildl. Res. 16 33-40. 

NL Benoiton, K Kuroda, FMF Chen. The relative susceptibility to racemization of l- and d- residues in peptide synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 22, 3359, 1981. 

Crossed reactions of the two aldehydes under phase-transfer catalytic conditions with the intermediate thioacetates, which can be isolated under controlled reaction conditions [14], leads to the formation of three products [13], as result of retro-Michael reactions (Scheme 4.18). In the case of the reactions involving crotonaldehyde, the major product results from the reaction of the aldehyde with the released thiolacetic acid, with lesser amounts of the expected crossed reaction products (Table 4.23). In contrast, the reaction of acrolein with the thioacetate derived from crotonaldehyde produces, as the major product, the crossed cycloadduct. These observations reflect the relative stabilities of the thioacetates and the relative susceptibilities of acrolein and crotonaldehyde to the Michael reaction. 

The oxidation of cysteine, as well as other amino acids, was studied by Mudd et a/. Individual amino acids in aqueous solution were exposed to ozone the reported order of susceptibility was cysteine, methionine, tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine, cystine, and phenylalanine. Other amino acids were not affected. This order is similar to that for the relative susceptibility of amino acrids to radiation and to lipid peroxides. Evaluation of the ozonization products revealed that cysteine was converted to cysteic acid, as well as cystine methionine to methionine sulfoxide tryptophan to a variety of pioducrts, including kynurenine and N-formylkynurenine tyrosine also to a variety of products, includiitg dihydroxyphenylalanine histidine to ammonia, proline, and other compounds and cystine in part to cysteic acid. In some cases, the rate and end products depended on the pH of the solution. 

Davtt. D. D., and F. A. Wood. The relative susceptibility of eighteen coniferous species to ozone. Phytopathology 62 14-19. 1972. 

First-generation cephalosporins, introduced into human medicine in the 1960 s and 1970 s, are basically similar in antibacterial activity and differ mainly in their pharmacokinetic properties. These include all of the currently available orally active cephalosporins, and are relatively susceptible to beta-lactamase, active against most Gram-positive bacteria and have a limited spectrum of activity against the Gram-negative organisms. 

The rate of clearance of chlorhexidine from the mouth after one mouth rinse with 10 mL of a 0.2% aqueous solution follows approximately first-order kinetics, with a half-life of 60 minutes. This means that following application of a single rinse with a 0.2% chlorhexidine solution, the concentration of the compound exceeds the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for oral streptococci (5 mg/mL) for almost 5 hours. The pronounced substantivity, along with the relative susceptibility of oral streptococci, may account for the great effectiveness of chlorhexidine in inhibiting supragingival plaque formation. 

These drugs retain the antibacterial spectrum of penicillin and have improved activity against gram-negative organisms. Like penicillin, however, they are relatively susceptible to hydrolysis by 13 lactamases. 

TABLE 14.1 Relative susceptibility to attack by Cl of primary, secondary, and tertiary positions at 100 and 600°C in the gas phase ... 

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