Circulation cell

Fig. 3. The role of FKN/CX3R1 in inducing atherosclerosis may involve two mechanisms. The first is the release of soluble FKN through cleavage of membrane-expressed FKN by TNF-alpha converting enzyme (TACE). Soluble FKN is then able to attract circulating monocytes and effector T cells expressing CX3CR1. The second mechanism is that of firm adhesion of circulating cells to membrane-bound FKN.

A primary mechanism of injury with sepsis is through endothelial cells. With inflammation, endothelial cells allow circulating cells (e.g., granulocytes) and plasma constituents to enter inflamed tissues, which may result in organ damage. 

Blankenberg S, Rupprecht HJ, Bickel C, Peetz D, Hafner G, Tiret L, Meyer J (2001) Circulating cell adhesion molecules and death in patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation 104 1336-1342... 

Electrolyser Circulation Cell pressure (kPa) Effective surface area (m2) Maximum current density (kA nrf2)... 

In other regimes more suited to circulation cell electrolyses, the reactant concentration is maintained constant by continuous replenishment. In a constant potential configuration with a potential value corresponding to a surface concentration of A equal to zero, build up of the B concentration in the bulk solution is simply proportional to time (see Section 6.2.6) ... 

The UVB technology has limitations in thin aquifers and in areas with very shallow ground-water (less than 5 ft). The thickness of the saturated zone affects the radius of the circulation cell. Precipitation, soil type, and other site-specific conditions can also impact the effectiveness of the UVB system. 

Fibronectin (Fn) is ubiquitous throughout the body and serves a number of functions, including coating bacterial and foreign particles with apoprotein which promotes recognition and destruction by circulating cells of the immune system. 

Lipid moieties coupled to polyethylene glycol (PEG) have been used to increase the blood circulation time of lipoplexes (Fig. 32). The PEG-lipid conjugates such as DOPE-PEG, Chol-PEG, ceramides-PEG and their derivatives are then coformulated with the cationic lipid, helper lipid, and DNA. This results in coating the surface of the lipoplexes with PEG and preventing undesired association with plasma proteins or circulating cells (stealth liposomes). Recently, a-tocopheryl PEG-succinate (TPGS) was also used in gene delivery formulations because of its ability to confer not only a stealth property but also antioxidant and absorption enhancer properties [129]. 

Jy W, Horstman LL, Jimenez JJ, et al. Measuring circulating cell-derived microparticles. J Thromb Haemost 2004 2 1842-1843. 

Flow and Circulation Cells. Voltammetric techniques can be used to monitor a flowing stream continuously for example, the effluent from an ion exchange column. Of course, the material whose detection is sought must be electroactive. An effective cell design has been described (Figure 6.20) that employs a vertical-orifice dropping mercury electrode.65 The cell possesses a low holdup time, a small volume, and a low flushout time, all of which ensure rapid... 

In another technique, the solution is circulated through a capillary cell by a peristaltic pump (37). If part of the circulating loop is immersed in a constant-temperature bath, it is possible to measure the spectrum over a wide temperature range. A more sophisticated technique (38) allows the measurements of redox potentials and electronic spectra as well as Raman spectra using a circulating cell. 

In summary, benzene poisoning results in the development of pancytopenia, a condition characterized by decreased numbers of circulating erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes. The potential mechanisms for the development of pancytopenia in humans include the destruction of bone marrow stem cells, the impairment of the differentiation of these cells, and/or the destruction of more mature hematopoietic cell precursors and circulating cells. Furthermore, pancytopenia can result from the combined destruction of the peripheral blood and bone marrow elements. In effect, individuals that develop pancytopenia and have continued exposure to benzene may develop aplastic anemia (i.e., pancytopenia associated with fatty replacement of functional bone marrow) others may exhibit both pancytopenia and bone marrow hyperplasia, a condition that suggests a preleukemic state. The data suggest that individual workers vary in their reactions to benzene. 

---