Nutritional deficit

Further research on the relationship between paternal lead exposure and fetal/infant development should be conducted. Additional information on relationships between nutritional deficits and vulnerability of the fetus and child to lead would be valuable. 

A nutritional deficit often exists in hospitalized patients. There are many conditions and diseases for which nutritional support is recommended by enteral or parenteral routes of administration. Provision of nutrients by vein, in amounts sufficient to maintain or achieve anabolism, is referred to as total parenteral nutrition (TPN). 

The following discussion is intended as a guide for those recommendations based on contemporary knowledge of risks and benefits of vitamin and mineral supplementation and considers the potential impact on three ophthalmic disease states glaucoma, cataract, and AMD. These were selected for reasons of significance as well as the body of literature available. In addition, specific treatment recommendations for disorders resulting from nutritional deficits are discussed. Finally, the role of... 

Patients at risk for nutritional deficit are given nutritional support therapy to replace nutrients. Nutritional support therapy provides nutrients before there is a negative nitrogen balance to assure there is a positive nitrogen balance, enabling the patient to fight infectious diseases. 

A nutritional deficit is the result of having less than the adequate amount of nutrients because of an unbalanced diet, surgery, trauma, malignancy, and other conditions that breakdown (catabolize) the body. 

Negative nitrogen balance is also known as nutritional deficit. 

The treatment of gastrointestinal involvement ultimately is aimed at correcting the nutritional deficit present in many patients. In addition to pancreatic enzyme replacement and other drug therapy described below, nutritional supplementation is employed frequently. Nutritional interventions range from behavioral modification to nocturnal feedings via gastrostomies. ... 

Patients with mild AP can begin oral feeding within several days of the onset of pain. In severe disease, nutritional deficits develop rapidly and are complicated by tissue necrosis, organ failure, and surgery. Enteral or parenteral nutrition should be initiated if it is anticipated that oral nutrition will be withheld for more than 1 week, as nutritional depletion can impair recovery and increase the risk of complications. Although total parenteral nutrition is very effective in critically ill... 

Most HIV-positive children will experience nutritional deficits and growth abnormalities. Infants with perinatal-acquired AIDS have normal birthweights, but show signs of growth delay as early as 4 months. Failure to thrive has been reported in up to 33% of HIV-infected children. Impaired linear growth also appears to correlate with periods of rapid viral replication and lower CD4 T-lymphocyte counts during the first 18 months of life. There is a... 

Nitrogen requirements for the patient with liver failure are not unlike those of normal subjects, but intolerance to protein is common, and protein restriction has been used successfully as part of the therapy. A dilemma arises when the diet becomes so restrictive that malnutrition results, and the patient becomes susceptible to infection and other comphcations. Overzealous use of protein to correct nutritional deficits invariably results in hepatic encephalopathy. 

The chloride channel is vital for proper absorption of salt (NaCl) and water across the plasma membranes of the epithelial cells that line ducts and tubes in tissues such as lungs, liver, small intestine, and sweat glands. Chloride transport occurs when signal molecules open CFTR Cl channels in the apical (top) membrane surface of epithelial cells. In CF the failure of CFTR channels results in the retention of Cl within the cells. A thick mucus or other secretion forms because osmotic pressure causes the excessive uptake of water. The most obvious features of CF are lung disease (obstructed air flow and chronic bacterial infections), and pancreatic insufficiency (impaired production of digestive enzymes that can result in severe nutritional deficits). In the majority of CF patients, CFTR is defective because of a deletion mutation at Phe508, which causes... 

The effect of a nutritional deficit can be dramatic. The body needs nutrients to recover from trauma and disease. A nutritional deficit prolongs healing and severe cases can prevent total recovery. Critically ill patients have sufficient nutrients to sustain them for a few days to a week before they begin to show signs of nutritional deficit. 

Healthcare professionals provide nutritional support therapy for patients who are at risk for nutritional deficit. Nutritional support therapy replaces nutrients that the patient has lost and thereby provide the patient with the fuel needed for a full recovery. 

A nutritional deficit is called a negative nitrogen balance... 

Susceptibility factors (Nutritional deficits, SNP, microsatellites, DNA mutations etc.)... 

Early attempts to produce experimental models of lead toxicity used doses of lead so high as to make their relevance to the problem of human lead poisoning questionable. Nutritional deficits and somatic changes were induced, causing problems of interpretation. Overall, it was found very difficult to compare the findings of animal studies with those in man. 

For the past decade parenteral alimentation has been advanced greatly techniques and nutrient solution have been refined and the range of indications expanded. Intravenous nutrition has had a major impact on the prognosis of the chronically ill child and hopefully will prevent neurological impairment caused by nutritional deficits in the small newborn. 

The main issue concerning the benefit level is to determine the adequacy of the transfer in helping program beneficiaries fulfill their basic needs. Several benchmarks can be used to measure the adequacy of benefits depending on the type of transfer and its objectives. The amount of cash or the value of an in-kind transfer could be compared with the income gap between the beneficiary s income level and the poverty line. Similarly, a feeding intervention may assess the nutritional supplement it provides against the nutritional deficit... 

In keeping with emerging trends in nutritional and teratolog-ical research, the present text highlights the sensitivity of the nervous system to nutritional deficits and to toxic insults that are often manifest at this level before they become detectable in other systems. Also, many contributors have accented the special vulnerability of the fetus to environmental distortions, with the result that much of the discussion of the consequences of elemental deficits or toxicities concerns neural teratogenesis, as well as the pathology of degenerative lesions seen in older animals. 

Numerous components present in our normal diet cannot be considered nutrients, or drugs, but are on the dividing line between the two. Their absence from the diet does not cause a nutritional deficit, but their presence, above all those of plant origin, helps to prevent certain diseases in the long term. 

Comparable lack of specificity plagues known methods of depleting 5-HT from brain reserpine and similar amine-releasing drugs block the intraneuronal vesicular uptake of catecholamines as well as of 5-HT. Lesions in the nucleus Raphd, the medial forebraln bundle and other tracts,5 which deplete 5-HT from brain, deplete NE as well. Prolonged Trp deficient dlets cause general nutritional deficits and an inefficient decrease in 5-HT levels. Substituted phenethylamine derivatives, such as p-chloromethamphetamine and fenfluramine, have usually been reported to exert relatively small effects on brain 5-HT and the mechanism... 

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