Organisms failure

Value of SOD for prevention of multiple organ failure after multiple trauma. J. Trauma 35, 110—113. 

Patients at greatest risk for mortality from acute pancreatitis are those who have multi-organ failure (e.g., hypotension, respiratory failure, or renal failure), pancreatic necrosis, obesity, volume depletion, greater than 70 years of age, and an elevated APACHE II score.3,4 The Acute Physiology, Age, and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score is a rating scale of disease severity in critically ill patients. 

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are synthesized by cells in response to an increase in temperature, as well to various other stressful stimuli. Their main function is to ensure intracellular protein homeostasis, thus preserving the cells viability in the presence of aggression. Current evidence points to a protective role for HSPs in several aspects of critical disease, such as ischemia-reperfusion, ARDS, and multiple organ failure. The increase of a few degrees Celsius above the normal environmental temperature of cells leads to the heat shock response 1) rapid expression of heat shock genes, 2) suppression of normal protein synthesis, and 3) the ability of cells to survive a second and otherwise lethal heat challenge (thermotolerance). 

Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors. The synthesis of prostaglandin and thromboxane has been linked with multiple organ failure in animals and humans with sepsis. Bernard et al. (B18) reported the results of a large trial of the cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen in patients with sepsis. Treatment for 48 hours with... 

A5. Anderson, B. O., Bensard, D. D., and Harken, A. H The role of platelet activating factor and its antagonists in shock, sepsis and multiple organ failure. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 172,415-424 (1991). 

A9. Asakura, H., Jokaji, H., Saito, M Uotani, C., Kumabashiri, I., Morishita, E., Yamazaki, M and Matsuda, T., Plasma levels of soluble thrombomodulin increase in cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation with organ failure. Am. J. Hematol. 38,281-287 (1991). 

B39. Bone, R. C., Balk, R. A., Cerra, F. B Dellinger, R. P Fein, A. M., Kanus, W. A., Schein, R. M. H., and Sibbald, W. J., American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine Concensus Conference Definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit. Care Med. 20-6, 864-873 (1992). 

Cl 1. Casey, L. C., Role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiopulmonary-induced multisystem organ failure. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 56, S92-S96 (1993). 

D29. Doughty, L. A., Kaplan, S. S., and Carcillo, J. A., Inflammatory cytokine and nitic oxide responses in pediatric sepsis and organ failure. Crit. Care Med. 24,1137-1143 (1996). 

Iba, T., Yagi, Y Kidokoro, A., Fukunaga, M., and Fukunaga, T Increased plasma levels of soluble thrombomodulin in patients with sepsis and organ failure. Surg. Today 25,585 -590 (1995). 

Ou, M. C., Kambayashi, J., Kawasaki, T., Ueraura, Y., Shinozaki, K., Shiba, E Sakon, M Yukawa, M and Mori, T Potential etiologic role of PAF in two major septic complications disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple organ failure. Thromb. Res. 73, 227-238 (1994). 

Z6. Zimmermann, T., Laszik, Z., Nagy, S., Kaszaki, J., and Joo, F The role of the complement system in pathogenesis of multiple organ failure in shock. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 308, 291-297 (1989). 

Hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, confusion, and oliguria are common symptoms. Myocardial and cerebral ischemia, pulmonary edema (cardiogenic shock), and multisystem organ failure often follow. Significant hypotension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] less than 90mmHg) with reflex sinus tachycardia (greater than 120 beats/min) and increased... 

Chronic Health Evaluation II >25, sepsis-induced multiple organ failure, septic shock, or sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome)... 

When acute organ failure occurs, it usually happens within the first 6 months of AED therapy. 

EN is indicated for the patient who cannot or will not eat enough to meet nutritional requirements and who has a functioning GI tract. Additionally, a method of enteral access must be possible. Potential indications include neoplastic disease, organ failure, hypermetabolic states, GI disease, and neurologic impairment. 

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