Nutrients recommended daily amount

The recommended daily amount of many trace metals varies widely and is controlled by a variety of factors including growth, age, general fimess and diet. While virtually impossible to establish the exact requiremenls for daily dietary intake of all nutrients, professional bodies have tabulated average recommended values for many elemenls including transition metals. In most cases the diet can... 

D13. Department of Health and Social Security, Recommended Daily Amounts of Food Energy and Nutrients for Gronps of People in the United Kingdom," Rep. Health Soc. Subj. No. 15 (2nd Impression). H. M. Stationery Office, London, 1981. 

Table 10.1 Recommended daily amounts of food energy and various specific nutrients...

A balanced human diet needs to contain a large number of different components. These include proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals (including water), and vitamins. These substances can occur in widely varying amounts and proportions, depending on the type of diet. As several components of the diet are essential for life, they have to be regularly ingested with food. Recommended daily min-imums for nutrients have been published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and a number of national expert committees. 

As shown in Table 1.9, a number of terms are used Recommended Daily (or Dietary) Intake (RDI), Recommended Dietary (or Daily) Amount (RDA), Reference or Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI), and Population Reference Intake (PRI). All have the same statistical basis, and all are defined as an intake of the nutrient that is adequate to ensure that the requirements of essentially all healthy people in the specified population group are met. The 2001FAO/WHO report introduced the term profecfmenwfnenfmtake-an amount greater than the reference intake that may be protective against specified health risks of public health importance. 

Figure 1.3. Derivation of reference intake [Recommended Dietary (or Daily) Amount (RDA)], and tolerable upper level (UL) for a nutrient. Curve shows the probability that a subject will show signs of deficiency (left) or toxicity (right) at any given level of intake.

The total human body store of the corrinoids described is 5 mg, and the recommended daily requirement of corrinoids is 2 xg this nutrient is provided by a typical Western diet but may not be included in a vegan diet. Whether 2 xg per day is sufficient to maintain health and protect against disease, especially of a degenerative kind, is a subject of current debate in which some believe it wise to consume larger amounts of... 

Nutrition is an important part of ready-to-eat cereal. To make cereal healthier, mai r nutrients are added. Unfortunately, nutrients degrade over time, making it necessary to add more than the declared amount to assure enough for the life of the cereal. Vitamin X is declared at a level of 20% of the Recommended Daily Allowance per sewing size (serving size = 30 g). The Recommended Daily Allowance is 6500 lU (1.7 x 10 lU = 1 g). It has been formd that the degradation of this nutrient is first-orderin the amount of nutrients. Accelerated... 

Thus, it is clear that it is almost impossible to lay down a table of recommended daily dietary amounts for all the nutrients. Nevertheless, distinguished professional bodies have tabulated the average required... 

The manufacturer s guidelines recommend initiating IVLE in adults with a test dose of 0.5 to 1 mL/min for the first 15 to 30 minutes because of the potential for an immediate hypersensitivity reaction. In most patients, this is probably not necessary because of the relatively low incidence and benign nature of acute adverse reactions. In addition, infusion over 20 to 24 hours eliminates the need for a test dose because the infusion rate is less than the test-dose rate recommended by the manufacturer. Appropriate electrolytes should be provided to patients with normal organ function based on standard nutrient ranges. Adjustments may be necessary depending on the patient s clinical condition. Adults and children older than 11 years of age should receive daily amounts of trace elements and an adult vitamin formulation. 

Recommended dietary allowances for a male adult (daily intake, in foods and food supplements) of some nutrients, usually the amounts estimated as needed to prevent overt manifestation of deficiency disease in most persons. For the substances listed in smaller amounts the optimum intake, leading to the best of health, may be somewhat greater. Not shown, but probably or possibly required, are the essential fatty acids, />aminobenzoic acid, choline, vitamin D, vitamin K, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, zinc, selenium, molybdenum, vanadium, tin, and silicon. 

Recommended daily (or dietary) allowance (or amount) (RDA) The intake of the nutrient two standard deviations above the observed mean requirement, and hence greater than the requirements of 97.5% of the population. 

RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE OF MANGANESE. Extreme dietary habits can result in manganese intakes outside the limit suggested as safe, but the consumption of a varied diet, balanced with regard to bulk nutrients, can be relied on to furnish adequate and safe amounts. 

The American Dietetic Association, the American Heart Association, and the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute recommend 142—198 g (5—7 02) of lean, trimmed meat daily. It was also pointed out that trimmed meat, especially red meat, provides large amounts of essential nutrients such as iron, 2inc, vitamin balanced protein. The idea that the risk of CHD and cancer can be greatiy reduced by avoiding a meat-centered diet have prompted... 

Committees of experts organized by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences have compiled Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)—estimates of the amounts of nutrients required to prevent deficiencies and maintain optimal health. DRIs replace and expand on Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), which have been published wih periodic revisions since 1941. Unlike the RDAs, the DRIs establish Lpper limits on the consumption of some nutrients, and incorporate the role of nutrients in lifelong health, going beyond deficiency diseases. Boh the DRIs and the RDAs refer to long-term average daily nutrient itakes, because it is not necessary to consume the full RDA every day. 

Several government surveys reveal that calcium is one nutrient likely to be consumed in less than recommended amounts (i.e., 800 mg RDA for nonpregnant, nonlactating women) by a substantial percentage of Americans, particularly females 12 years of age and older (Car-roll et al. 1983 Heaney et al. 1982 Chinn 1981 USDA, SEA 1980 Radzikowski 1983). As shown in Figures 7.1 and 7.2, daily calcium intake values reported in the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976-1980 (HANES II), have been plotted as a function of age for males and females, respectively, and are compared to the RDA. Although the RDA is the same for both sexes, it is clear... 

Fuels for the body are limited to carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. In the American diet, these fuels are consumed in a ratio of approximately 46 42 12 with the recommended ratio being closer to 53 35 12 (.5). Thus in a nongrowing adult, these ratios provide estimates of the fuel use for daily activities. The primary fuels for exercise are carbohydrates and fats. Chapter 3 examines utilization of specific fuels during aerobic exercise. As the amount of daily exercise increases, there is an increased energy expenditure and hence increased need for energy nutrients usually reflected in increased food consumption, decreased body fat, or both (see Chapter 9). 

RNI Reference Nutrient Intakes U.K., 1991 By parallel with clinical chemistry reference ranges, which encompass 95% of normal values to emphasize that they are not recommendations for individuals, nor are they amounts to be consumed daily see Table 1.5... 

Table 2.3 Typical recommendations for the daily intake of some inorganic nutrients by young adult males (from Coultate, 1991). The amounts absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood will generally be only a fraction of these quantities...

---