Calcium daily intake

JECEA reviewed the safety studies of glutamate and endorsed its safety by allocating an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for L-glutamic acid and its monosodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, and magnesium salts as being "not specified." The scientific committee for food of EC concurred (40). 

Calcium is readily abundant in the mammalian diet. A 70 kg human contains approximately 1200 g of calcium and has a daily intake of 1100 mg/day. There are no pubHshed exposure limits (38). Low levels of calcium in the blood, hypocalcemia, can lead to tetany high levels, hypercalcemia, can lead to coma and death. Calcium toxicity, above 160 mg/L in the blood, is not related to an excessive intake of calcium. 

Nephro-Calci 1500 600 day with meals daily intake of elemental calcium... 

Osteoporosis Oral calcium supplementation (1000-5000 mg/day) Oral vitamin D Calcifediol (1000 lU/day) Calcitriol (0.5 mcg/day) Hormone-replacement therapy Calcitonin or oral bisphosphonates If daily intake less than 1000 mg elemental calcium Documented deficiency If kidney functioning If kidney not functioning Post-menopausal women without contraindications Documented loss in bone mineral density greater than 3% Data lacking for bisphosphonates in patients with Rl... 

K/DOQI guidelines recommend that elemental calcium from calcium-containing binders should not exceed 1,500 mg/day and the total daily intake from all sources should not exceed 2,000 mg. This may necessitate combination of calcium- and noncalcium-containing products (e.g., sevel-amer HCL, lanthanum carbonate). 

Supplemental calcium Add supplemental calcium to the diet if daily intake is inadequate. 

The main sources of vitamin C are green vegetables and citrus fruit. Animal tissue contains vitamin C, mainly in the kidneys and liver. The level of vitamin C in food is rapidly reduced during cooking or storage due to oxidation or water dissolution. It is added to food as an antioxidant (with no specified limit on the level of use) or as a supplement (with a maximum recommended daily intake of 3000mg/day). The forms admitted are L-ascorbic acid (AA), L-ascorbyl 6-palmitate, sodium, calcium, or potassium L-ascorbate [403]. 

The primary roles and the recommended daily intake of major and trace minerals are listed in Table 38-3. Similar to vitamins, these minerals are typically obtained from dietary sources. Specific minerals may likewise be included in various multivitamins and other dietary supplements, with the intent that these minerals will promote good health and prevent disease. Again, there is generally no need for mineral supplements for most people eating a reasonably balanced diet. On the other hand, mineral supplements can be helpful in specific situations where the body s need for a mineral may exceed dietary supply. Some examples of appropriate supplementation include calcium supplements for people with osteoporosis (see Chapter 31), potassium supplements for people on diuretics (see Chapter 21), and iron supplements for people with certain anemias. Hence, mineral supplements may be helpful in certain individuals, but the dose and type of supplement should be adjusted carefully. 

In the normal infant a wide range of calcium retention has been reported by Hoobler (H8), Telfer (Tl), Daniels and Stearns (D2), Flood (F5), Stearns (S10), Jeans et al. (Jla), and Harrison (H4). From these authors we have obtained the results of 24 calcium balances in healthy infants (7-12 months), fed on cow s milk or on evaporated milk, with, so far as can be ascertained, a normal intake of vitamin D. On an average intake of 1.17 g calcium daily, the mean retention of calcium was 32 % (range 0-79 %) or 0.38 g. This agrees very closely with the daily retention of calcium in a similar age group reported by Sherman and Hawley (S3) from their study of German published reports and with the calculated requirements of the body at this age (LI). 

J. P. Buchet, R. Lauwerys, A. Vandevoorde, J. M. Pycke, Oral daily intake of cadmium, lead, manganese, copper, chromium, mercury, calcium, zinc, and arsenic in Belgium duplicate meal study, Food Chem. Toxicol., 21 (1983), 19-24. 

Idiopathic osteoporosis cannot be prevented by prophylactic therapy, but its development can be delayed. This requires a healthy lifestyle with plenty of physical exercise (sports, hiking), daily intake of calcium (lOOOmg/day Ca2+) and of vitamin D (1000 IU/day). The same principle holds for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Hormone Luellmann, Color Atlas of Pharmacology All rights reserved. Usage subject to terms... 

The principal physiological role of vitamin D is in the maintenance of the plasma concentration of calcium. Calcitriol acts to increase intestinal absorption of calcium, to reduce its excretion by increasing reabsorption in the distal renal tubule, and to mobilize the mineral from bone - of the 25 mol of calcium in the adult body, 99% is in bone. The daily intake of calcium is around 25 mmol, and intestinal secretions add an additional 7 mmol to the intestinal contents 10 to 14 mmol of this is normally absorbed, with 18 to 22 mmol excreted in feces. Bone turnover accounts for exchange of 10 mmol of calcium between bone and plasma daily. The kidneys filter some 240 mmol of calcium daily, almost all of which is reabsorbed urinary excretion of calcium is about 3 to 7 mmol per day. 

Most of the oxalate in the body arises from endogenous sources, rather than the diet. About 40% of the oxalate formed in the body arises from ascorbic acid. About arises from 2-carbon precursors, such as glycine and elhanolamine. Only about 0.1% of the body s glycine is catabolized via oxalate formation. Some people increase their intake of ascorbic acid to levels above the RDA by taking supplements. Consumption of large amounts of ascorbate results in increases in urinary oxalate in some persons but not in others. The normal, basal level of urinary oxalate is about 50 mg/day. The daily intake of 3,0 g of ascorbic acid may double the normal levels of urinary oxalate and thus increase the risk for calcium oxalate stones. 

By viewing the indicated food choices, and using tables of nutrients in foods, the researchers were able to estimate the daily intake of various nutrients, such as folate, vitamin C, calcium, and iron. The results for folate and vitamin C are shown separately for women and men in Table 11.2. The daily intakes for the nutrients were divided into four groups, as indicated. The risk for adenomas is expressed by a special term, called the odds ratio (OR) (see Appendix C). 

L-glutamic acid and its ammonium, calcium, monosodium, and potassium salts were evaluated by the Joint FAOAVHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 1988 (6). Because human studies had failed to confirm involvement of monosodium glutamate in the Chinese restaurant sjmdrome or other reactions, the JECFA classified glutamic acid and its salts under the heading acceptable daily intake (ADI) not specified. The Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) of the European Commission reached a similar conclusion in 1991, and the conclusions of a subsequent review by the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) and the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) did not discount the existence of a sensitive subpopulation but otherwise concurred with the evaluations of JECFA and the SCF. 

In 1974, the WHO set an estimated acceptable daily intake of calcium alginate of up to 25 mg, as alginic acid, per kilogram body-weight/ ... 

An acceptable daily intake for the calcium, sodium, and potassium salts of oleic acid was not specified by the WHO since the total daily intake of these materials in foods was such that they did not pose a hazard to health. ... 

The WHO has set an estimated total acceptable daily intake for sorbic acid, calcium sorbate, potassium sorbate, and sodium sorbate expressed as sorbic acid at up to 25 mg/kg body-weight. ... 

The WHO has set a temporary acceptable daily intake for saccharin, including its calcium, potassium, and sodium salts, at up to 2.5 mg/kg body-weight. In the UK, the Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products, and the Environment (COT) has set an acceptable daily intake for saccharin and its calcium, potassium, and sodium salts (expressed as saccharin sodium) at up to 5 mg/kg body-weight. ... 

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