Nominal specification value

Quahty is always defined by customer satisfaction. The customers decide what characteristics they want the product to have. A tire manufacturer, for example, could teU the rubber manufacturer that he will only buy his product if its viscosity is 45. This is the nominal specification value. However, since it is not realistic to expect that all the batches have exactly this value, the tire manufacturer, in practice, accepts a variation in the viscosity value of, say, three units. These values define tolerance limits for the viscosity specification no less than 42, and no more than 48. 

This means that Cpk — 0.42, which is a very poor value. So poor, in fact, that no client would accept it. Some of the most advanced companies in the world, like Motorola and General Electric, have already established a Cpk value of 2 as the minimum quality standard for their own processes and also for those of their suppliers (Bhote, 1996). To satisfy this demand, a process must be perfectly centered on its nominal specification value, while operating with a standard deviation of not more than 1/12 of the tolerance range. In this situation, only two values out of a billion will fall outside the tolerance limits. It is this goal that is the basis of the quality management movement known as Six Sigma ° (Breyfogle, 1998). 

The nominal capacity of every system is defined by a specific value of C for example, for the nickel-cadmium system, it is Cj20. By discharging with a higher current, the final capacity obtainable becomes lower. 

Tables with values of F for several distributions are used to determine the significance of this result, or the critical values can be obtained from statistical software. We have provided a table in Appendix 4. For a test of size a = 0.05, the critical value associated with 2 numerator df and 12 denominator df that cuts off the upper 5% of the distribution is 3.89. Although tabled values are helpful at identifying nominal p values (for example, s 0.01) statistical software is required to report the specific p value. Using statistical software, you will find that the actual p value is 0.002. Table 11.4 shows the completed ANOVA table for this example. You will see that the p value is commonly included in a complete ANOVA table.

As shown in Table 5.11a wide range of 1J(C, H) coupling constants can be observed for C, H spin systems and one aim of an improved APT based sequence is to reduce the effect of these different coupling constants. The d2 delay can only be optimized to one specific value of 1J(C, H) and in the following discussion this coupling constant is referred to as the nominal coupling constant Jnominal-... 

Run acceptance criteria that have been embraced for both chromatographic and LBAs require at least two-thirds of all QC results for a run to be within a specific percentage (e.g., 15%, 20%, 25%, or 30%) of the corresponding nominal reference values, with at least 50% of the results within the specified limit for each QC concentration. Assays of conventional small-molecule drugs have adopted a 4-6-15 rule [7,10,18]. In contrast, a 4-6-30 rule was proposed for LBAs of... 

Surface prefilters retain the particles on then-surface. They are made from cellulose esters or layers of polypropylene. They also have good specific retention. Prefilters are not always defined by their retention value. The value given, e.g. 3 tim, frequently corresponds to a nominal retention value. In this case, a variable proportion of particles larger than 3 p,m in diameter may pass through the filter. 

Accordingly, it follows that both electronic density approaches have their own parametric dependency. This implies that also the computed electronegativity will feature the scaling effect on the electronic density raised due to the one effective valence electronic approach. With this assumption at the background of density computation we should recover in the provided electronegativity the real (many) electronic valence state by an adequate nomination of the specific values for the P and q parameters. 

There are many different ways to treat mathematically uncertainly, but the most common approach used is the probability analysis. It consists in assuming that each uncertain parameter is treated as a random variable characterised by standard probability distribution. This means that structural problems must be solved by knowing the multi-dimensional Joint Probability Density Function of all involved parameters. Nevertheless, this approach may offer serious analytical and numerical difficulties. It must also be noticed that it presents some conceptual limitations the complete uncertainty parameters stochastic characterization presents a fundamental limitation related to the difficulty/impossibility of a complete statistical analysis. The approach cannot be considered economical or practical in many real situations, characterized by the absence of sufficient statistical data. In such cases, a commonly used simplification is assuming that all variables have independent normal or lognormal probability distributions, as an application of the limit central theorem which anyway does not overcome the previous problem. On the other hand the approach is quite usual in real situations where it is only possible to estimate the mean and variance of each uncertainty parameter it being not possible to have more information about their real probabilistic distribution. The case is treated assuming that all uncertainty parameters, collected in the vector d, are characterised by a nominal mean value iJ-dj and a correlation =. In this specific... 

Photometric repeatability (7 ) is the precision with which a spectrometer can make repeated measurements at the same nominal transmission value over temporal and environmental changes. This specification is calculated as... 

The strong reactivity feedbacks of the fast neutron spectrum core enable autonomous load following whereby the reactor power adjusts itself to match heat removal from the primary coolant solely as a consequence of inherent physical phenomena. Figure XXIII-8 shows the dependencies of the new peak cladding, core outlet, and core inlet temperatures upon the new steady state thermal power that is attained following an autonomous power change from the nominal (400 MW(th)) steady state. The results are dependent upon the value of the core radial expansion reactivity feedback coefficient. The specific value of -0.140 cents/°C... 

Note Values reported in the literature are for nominal materials that may not be well documented as to composition and state. They are presented only to allow estimates of plausible Seebeck emf contributions. Specific values should be determined for critical applications. 

Figure 7.14 Specific values of the DC internal resistance for various cell types. To compare the different designs and construction, all dates and figures are related to 100 Ah nominal capacity.

The very high upstream contaminant concentrations used for such tests are not typical of normal system conditions and produce misleading high-efficiency values. It is common for a wire-mesh filter medium with a mean (average) pore size of 15 pm to pass a 10-pm nominal specification. However, at normal system contaminations, this same filter medium will pass almost all 10-pm particles. 

Propylene-derived alkyl benzenes were pretty much phased out in the 1960s because of their exceptional (and undesirable) biological stabUity and were replaced by the linear alkyl benzenes prepared from linear olefins or intermediate chlorinated paraffins. These products, like the tetrapropylenes, have a chain length that may range from Cg to Cie, variously distributed according to the specific preparation procedure and the properties desired in the final surfactant. The nominal carbon values for most commercial products are Cg and Cg alkyl groups. 

Effect of Uncertainties in Thermal Design Parameters. The parameters that are used ia the basic siting calculations of a heat exchanger iaclude heat-transfer coefficients tube dimensions, eg, tube diameter and wall thickness and physical properties, eg, thermal conductivity, density, viscosity, and specific heat. Nominal or mean values of these parameters are used ia the basic siting calculations. In reaUty, there are uncertainties ia these nominal values. For example, heat-transfer correlations from which one computes convective heat-transfer coefficients have data spreads around the mean values. Because heat-transfer tubes caimot be produced ia precise dimensions, tube wall thickness varies over a range of the mean value. In addition, the thermal conductivity of tube wall material cannot be measured exactiy, a dding to the uncertainty ia the design and performance calculations. 

Ionomer resins are produced in multiple grades to meet market needs, and prospective customers are provided with information on key processing parameters such as melt-flow index. Nominal values for many other properties are Hsted in product brochures. The ASTM test methods developed for general-purpose thermoplastic resins are appHcable to ionomers. No special methods have been introduced specifically for the ionomers. 

Y = coefficient naving value in Table 10-50 for ductile ferrous materials, 0.4 for ductile nonferrous materials, and zero for brittle materials such as cast iron t,n = minimum required thickness, in, to which manufacturing tolerance must be added when specifying pipe thickness on purchase orders. [Most ASTM specifications to which mill pipe is normally obtained permit minimum wall to be 12V percent less than nominal. ASTM A155 for fusion-welded pipe permits minimum wall 0.25 mm (0.01 in) less than nominal plate thickness.] Pipe with t equal to or greater than D/6 or P/SE greater than 0.385 reqmres special consideration. 

It has been emphasised in the earlier chapters that the thermal efficiency of the gas turbine increases with its maximum nominal temperature, which was denoted as T. Within limits this statement is true for all gas turbine-based cycles and can be sustained, although not indefinitely, as long as the optimum pressure ratio is selected for any value of Ty, further the specific power increases with T. However, in practice higher maximum temperature requires improved combustion technology, particularly if an increase in harmful emissions such as NO is to be avoided. 

Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) the maximum pressure pounds per square inch gauge permissible at the top of a completed vessel in its operating position for a specific designated temperature corresponding to the MAWP pressure. This pressure is calculated in accordance with the ASME code (Par. UG-98) [1] for all parts or elements of the vessel using closest next larger to calculated value nominal thickness (closest standard for steel... 

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