Specific viscosity

Table 4. Aqueous Solution Viscosity Specifications for Polyox Resins ...

Advancement Process. In the advancement process, sometimes referred to as the fusion method, Hquid epoxy resin (cmde diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A) is chain-extended with bisphenol A in the presence of a catalyst to yield higher polymerized products. The advancement reaction is conducted at elevated temperatures (175—200°C) and is monitored for epoxy value and viscosity specifications. The finished product is isolated by cooling and cmshing or flaking the molten resin or by allowing it to soHdify in containers. 

Other important properties include Hash point, volatility, viscosity, specific gravity, cloud point, pour point, and smoke point. Most of these properties are related directly to the boiling range of the kerosene and are not independently variable. The flash point, an index of fire hazard, measures the readiness of a fuel to ignite when exposed to a flame. It is usually mandated by law or government regulation to be 120° or 130° F (48° or 72° C), Volatility, as measured... 

Visbreaking is a mild thermal cracking process that reduces the viscosity of heavy fuel oils and reduces the amount of low-viscosity blending stocks that must be added to the heavy residuals to meet viscosity specifications of the specific heavy fuel oil. The amount of heavy fuel oil production by a refinery is reduced by 20—30 percent if a visbreaker is used. The refinery profitability is improved with visbreaker operation, because heavy fuel oils are low value products. 

Figure 10-47. Flow inside tubes for gas and vapors. Physical property factor depends on viscosity, specific heat, and thermal conductivity. (Used by permission Ning Hsing Chen, Chemical Engineering, V. 66, No. 1, 1959. McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved.)...

The trick involves using the correction factor g peq) to rescale time, pressure and viscosity. Specifically, we set... 

Measure the effects of changes in physical properties (viscosity, specific heat, precipitation, etc.) during the reaction. 

Table 3.4 Calculation of the Relative Viscosity, Specific Viscosity, and Plotting Parameters for the Data in Table 3.3...

Residual fuel oils, such as fuel oil no. 4, are manufactured by the addition of blending stocks to distillation residues in order to meet viscosity specifications set by ASTM (LARC 1989). No data were located for the manufacturing process of fuel oil UNSP. 

Relative viscosity Specific viscosity Reduced viscosity Inherent viscosity Intrinsic viscosity... 

Relative viscosity Specific Viscosity Inherent Viscosity Reduced viscosity Intrinsic Viscosity ... 

Cal ibr ation o f Instrument When 10 urn and 0.6 ym membranes were used to determine the viscosity of THF using the manufacturer s determination of M from the flow of water, the viscosities of THF were measured to be an average of 85 /, of the true value. The direct experimental P vs Q curves are shown in Figure 3. (There is, however, a systematic trend below 85 /. as membranes of even lower pore sues are used. Although this trend is puzzling it is unimportant for polymer research since most polymer solution studies need relative viscosity, specific viscosity,, measurements.)... 

The viscosity of milk and dairy products depends upon the temperature and on the amount and state of dispersion of the solid components. Representative values at 20 °C are whey 1.2 centipoise (cp), skim milk 1.5 cp, and whole milk 2.0 cp. From these values, it is evident that the caseinate micelles and the fat globules are the most important contributors to the viscosity. Specific data are given in Table 8.5. 

Values of VGC near 0.800 indicate an oil of paraffinic character (see paraffin), values close to 1.00 indicate a preponderance of aromatic structures. Like other indicators of hydrocarbon composition (as opposed to a specific laboratory analysis), VGC should not be indiscriminately applied to residual oils (see bottoms), asphaltic materials, or samples containing appreciable quantities of non-hydrocarbons. See Saybolt Universal Viscosity, specific gravity. 

The physical properties of the multicomponent mixture, such as viscosity, specific heats at constant volume and at constant pressure, and laminar thermal conductivity, are usually calculated under the assumption of an ideal mixture. Data and... 

In laboratory-type experiments, certain aspects of the process are investigated by handling relatively small amounts of raw materials to reduce the material constraints to a minimum. In laboratory experiments, a series of measurements are taken concerning all the mechanisms that are independent of size (thermodynamics and chemical kinetics). A number of physical properties, such as densities, viscosities, specific heats, and phase equilibria, involved in the model must be ascertained throughout the operating conditions of the process. 

Taking the heat transfer coefficient, h, as a function of the fluid velocity, density, viscosity, specific heat and thermal conductivity, u, p, p, Cp and k, respectively, and of the inside and outside diameters of the annulus, di and do respectively, then ... 

Dispersions of starch have found wide use in papermaking and paper conversion due to their unique properties, viz., low-cost renewable adhesive, controlled viscosity, specific rheological characteristics, water-holding properties, electrostatic charge, film formation and bonding after drying. 

Appearance Viscosity Specific gravity Shelf life Cure schedule... 

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