Common name, traditional

Several compounds of the CaO—P2O3—H2O system are given in Table 8. The common names for the mono-, di-, and tricalcium phosphates arise from the traditional double-oxide formulas, CaO 2i5p T2O3, 2CaO H2O +205, and 3CaO +205, respectively. These terms are routinely used in industry. With the exception of the monocalcium salt, the calcium phosphates are all sparingly soluble. 

The lUPAC recommendations regarding the Hantzsch-Widman names are not intended to supersede the commonly used traditional, trivial names listed in Table 1. 

Calcium oxide is a white caustic crystalline alkali substance that goes by the common name lime. The term lime is used both generically for several calcium compounds and with adjectives to qualify different forms of lime. This entry equates lime, also called quicklime or burnt lime, with the compound calcium oxide. Hydrated lime, made by combining lime with water, is calcium hydroxide and is often referred to as slaked lime (Ca(OH)2). Dolomite limes contain magnesium as well as calcium. Limestone is the compound calcium carbonate. The term lime comes from the Old English word lim for a sticky substance and denotes lime s traditional use to produce mortar. Calx was the Latin word for lime and was used to name the element calcium. 

There were in ancient times many Kings of the East who took the name of Solomon. The Koran speaks of several. It was a common name. But the character of Solomon portrayed in our scriptures bears internal evidence, like many other apparently historical characters, of being purely mythical. It is one of the many traditional myths of the Jews that became engrafted on the real history of the nation. The Greeks, the Romans, the Scandinavians -- all nations have their early mythical history, which no one pretends to believe literally. Why should the Jews be an exception Why should people take every word of the Jewish Bible, from the account of the creation down, as literally true Why believe in the actuality of the doings of Moses, more than in the exploits of Agamemnon ... 

The limitations of this simplified model have been immediately recognized, and the first criticism [3] even preceded the full development of the DLVO theory. Since then many improvements of the theory have been proposed, to account for the finite size of the ions [4], image forces [5], dielectric corrections [6], ion correlations [7], ion-dispersion [8] and ion-hydration forces [9], to name only a few. Despite the many corrections brought to the traditional DLVO theory, there are some experiments, such as those regarding the stability of neutral lipid multilayers, which could still not be explained within this framework. It is therefore commonly accepted that an additional repulsion occurs when two surfaces approach each other at a distance shorter than a few nanometers. Because this force was initially related to the structuring of water near surfaces, it is commonly named hydration force [10]. 

Benzene derivatives have been isolated and used as industrial reagents for well over 100 years. Many of their names are rooted in the historical traditions of chemistry. The following compounds are usually called by their historical common names, and almost never by the systematic IUPAC names ... 

The names of chemicals used in the entries are the traditional names commonly used in industry today systematic names have yet to replace many common names and may never do so. 

The bitter taste is therefore reported by occasional and accidental tasting or by the observation of rejection behavior by animals. The equation alkaloid atoxic = bitter is so strong that sometimes the presence of some bitter alkaloids was assumed in some bitter plants and never demonstrated by the isolation of any active principle of bitter taste. It is worth noting that many toxic alkaloids are reported as bitter not only in the popular tradition but in scientific literature. Table 3.2 lists some of these compounds, reporting the common name, CAS number and if the compound is listed on Toxnet. 

Statistical manipulations on the USDA database (cluster analysis, principal component analysis with varimax rotation e.g., Everitt, 1980) revealed subsets of represent ve species, as idealized in Fig 2b, but with dif ent variables (orthogonal principal components) than traditional fractions as measured by USDA. A set cf species from each orthogonal subset appears in Table 1. The Latin names, and where available, the common names of the biomass species are given. The extractives ranges are ash content, 4 to 17% protein content, 5 to 14% polyphenol, 3 to 11% and oil content, 1 to 4%. However no species contains extremes of all 4 variables. Nor can species be found, retaining native compositions, at extremes of just one extractive composition, while the other fractions are present at constant levels. Thus we use orthogonal but non-intuitive compositions in this work, then rank pyrolysis effects in terms of traditional extractives content to get an understanding of their impact on biomass pyrolysis. 

Polygalaceae), Virginia (Aristolochia serpentaria, Aristolochiaceae) and white snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum, Asteraceae). In the United States, a list of standardized common names called Herbs of Commerce (American Herbal Products Association, 1992) was adopted by the FDA as the only permitted source for common names on product labeling. Products that contain plants not listed in Herbs of Commerce are required to use the correct Latin name of the plant on the label. In addition to difficulties with nomenclature, problems have arisen because of the difficulty in determining exactly which plants are present in a finished product. Capsules that contain more than one plant and/or a dried crude extract make identification of the plant(s) by traditional means such as microscopy virtually impossible (Betz et al., 1995). Determination of the identity of a misidentified plant then becomes a matter of looking for specific toxic chemical constituents, which is usually a needle in a haystack approach unless symptoms are characteristic of a particular compound. Good quality assurance of raw material obviates the need for this detective work. 

Lithium, sodium and potassium hexamethyldisilazanes are available from the corresponding amine, bis(trimethylsilyl)amine. (This amine has a multitude of traditional common names, the most common of... 

Although a systematic method exists for naming oxoacids, many such laboratory reagents are well recognized by their common names (e.g. sulfuric acid, nitric acid, nitrous acid). A problem with many common names is that they often hide structural information and, most importantly, do not indicate the number of ionizable hydrogen atoms. Where large families of acids exist, e.g. the sulfur oxoacids, systematic names are usually more helpful than traditional ones. 

Common name A traditional name, often derived from the molecule s. source or discoverer—in contrast with. systematic nomenclature. 

To lay the matter straight There is endless discussion and pontification about how boneset got its name. One school has it that the common name for dengue fever, breakbone fever, was the genesis. Another says that flus and colds were historically called "breakbone fever" in the early colonies and thus gave boneset its name. Still another school insists that the traditional use of boneset by indigenous peoples for healing broken bones (they really did) gave it its name. They are all somewhat correct. 

First, we must look for the prima material, the starting point for Philosophical Mercury. An elusive alchemist called Fulcanelli riddled for us the common name from which Mercury has traditionally been prepared. He says it is an approximation, corresponding to the Oak tree and to the ram. ... 

GUIDELINE 3 Many compounds are not usually referred to by their systematic names. Instead, they are assigned common names that are more convenient or have been used traditionally for many years. Some common names we use in Conceptual Chemistry aic loateriov I I2O, ammonia ior NI I3, and methane iot... 

There are more than 50 million known chemical substances. Naming them all would be a hopelessly complicated task if each had a name independent of aU others. Many important substances that have been known for a long time, such as water (H2O) and ammonia (NH3), do have traditional names (called common names). For most substances, however, we rely on a set of rules that leads to an informative and unique name for each substance, a name based on the composition of the substance. 

The magnitude of the variation in the composition of rapeseed oil and meal now commercially available has created a need for new terms to describe the products derived from rapeseed. The fatty acid composition of most edible vegetable oils such as soybean, sunflower, or cottonseed oils, varies within narrow limits. Thus, the species or commodity name (e.g., soybean oil) provides a reasonable description of the fatty add composition of soybean oil. In contrast, the erucic acid content of commercially available rapeseed oil may vary from near zero to 55%, and the oleic acid from 10 to more than 60%. A number of terms have been proposed or utilized to describe the new rapeseed oil whose fatty acid composition has been altered by the elimination of erucic acid these include low erucic acid rape-seed oil (LEAR), canbra, and canola. Similar terms such as high erucic acid rapeseed oil (HEAR) and common or traditional rapeseed oil have been used to describe rapeseed oil whose fatty acid composition includes substantial amounts of erucic acid. 

Chemical names are usually used for documentation and communication purposes. A molecule can have several valid chemical names including computer-generated International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) names, traditional name, common name, commercial name, company assigned identifiers. Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry number, and many other synonyms. It is challenging to generate chemical stractures from the chemical names. In order to communicate effectively, line notations were developed for representing chemical struc-... 

---