Behavioral State

Haltung,/. holding, etc. (see halten) attitude, bearing, behavior, state, position harmony principle. 

Acetylcholine (Ach) is an ester of acetic acid and choline with the chemical formula CH3COOCH2CH2N+ (CH3)3. ACh functions as a chemical transmitter in both the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) in a wide range of organisms, humans included. Neurotransmitter involved in behavioral state control, postural tone, cognition and memory, and autonomous parasympathetic (and preganglionic sympathetic) nervous system. 

Technical term for properties of electrical or neural circuits (flip-flop switch) to rest in two distinct states while avoiding intermediate states (e.g., behavioral state sleep-wake transitions). 

Brain structure below the thalamus and main portion of the ventral region of the diencephalon, controlling homeostatic and nonhomeostatic basic body and brain functions, including circadian and feeding rhythms, energy metabolism, thermogenesis, sympathoadrenal, and neuroendocrine outflow (secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland), behavioral state and memory functions. 

Neurotransmitter and biogenic amine synthesized by neurons in the locus coeralus from tyrosine which controls behavioral state, postural tone, selective attention, mood and memory extinction, and is part of sympathoadrenal stress management system. 

Case I. At sufficiently low pressures, the solubility curve does not intersect the coexistence curve. In this case, the gas solubility is too low for liquid-liquid immiscibility, since the coexistence curve describes only liquid-phase behavior. Stated in another way, the points on the coexistence curve are not allowed because the fugacity f2L on this curve exceeds the prescribed vapor-phase value f2v. The ternary phase diagram therefore consists of only the solubility curve, as shown in Fig. 28a where V stands for vapor phase. 

Berridge, CW (1998) Modulation of forebrain electroencephalographic action and behavioral state by locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system involvement of the medial septal area. Adv. in... 

Sleep disorders are common. Approximately 50% of adults will report a sleep complaint over the course of their lives.2 In general, sleep disturbances increase with age, and each disorder may have gender differences. The full extent and impact of disordered sleep on our society are not known because many patients sleep disorders remain undiagnosed. Normal sleep, by definition, is a reversible behavioral state of perceptual disengagement from... 

Pincomb, G. A., Lovallo, W. R., Passey, R. B., Wilson M. F., Effect of behavior state of caffeine s ability to alter blood pressure. American Journal of Cardiology 61 798-802, 1988. 

Figure 1.7 Effects of local POA warming on discharges of a DRN, wake-active, REM-off, putative serotonin-containing neuron. POA warming suppressed DRN neuronal discharge, without any change in behavioral state, as shown by EEG spectral analysis. Thus activation of POA WSNs can suppress DRN discharge. The DRN receives direct projections from the POA. From Guzman-Marin el al (2000).

A variety of different methodologies has been employed to investigate the neurotransmitter systems involved in control of behavioral states. Biochemical experiments have elucidated the pathways and enzymes involved in the synthesis, degradation, release and reuptake of different neurotransmitters. Immuno-histochemical techniques have allowed the visualization of their cellular and sub-cellular distribution throughout the nervous system as well as the distribution of their receptors and uptake systems. Chemical sampling techniques, including... 

Lydic, R., McCarley, R. W. Hobson, J. A. (1987). Serotonin neurons and sleep. II. Time course of dorsal raphe discharge, PGO waves, and behavioral states. Arch. Ital. Biol. 126, 1-28. 

Mochizuki, T., Crocker, A, McCormack, S. et al. (2004). Behavioral state instability in orexin knock-out mice. J. Neurosci 24, 6291-300. 

Strecker, R. E., Moriarty, S., Thakkar, M. M. el al. (2000). Adenosinergic modulation of basal forebrain and preoptic/anterior hypothalamic neuronal activity in the control of behavioral state. Behav. Brain Res. 115, 183-204. 

Thakkar, M. M., Strecker, R. E. McCarley, R. W. (1998). Behavioral state control through differential serotonergic inhibition in the mesopontine cholinergic... 

Wilkinson, L. O., Auerbach, S. B. Jacobs, B. L. (1991). Extracellular serotonin levels change with behavioral state but not with pyrogen-induced hyperthermia. 

Siegel, J. M Tomaszewski, K. S. Nienhuis, R. (1986). Behavioral states in the chronic medullary and midpontine cat. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 63, 274-88. 

Datta, S. (1995). Neuronal activity in the peribrachial area relationship to behavioral state control. Neurosci Biobehav. Rev. 19, 67-84. 

Steriade, M. (1999). Cellular substrates of oscillations in corticothalamic systems during states of vigilance. In Handbook of Behavioral State Control, Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms, ed. R. Lydic H. A. Baghdoyan, pp. 327-48. New York, NY CRC Press. 

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