Nitric oxide bacterial production

The molecular mechanism linking the inflammatory response to redox equilibria and modification of nitric oxide production will be explored in an animal model system of septic shock, a generalized inflammation induced by bacterial lipopolisaccharide (LPS). It is known that endotoxemia induces a complex interplay between the activation of nuclear transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB) and a cascade-activation of various enzymatic activities, mostly mediators of the inflammatory response with particular attention to the variation of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). 

NITRERGIC STIMULANTS mimic, or cause the production and release of nitric oxide (NO), which is an important mediator that is synthesized on demand. The actions of nitric oxide are very widespread, and imbalance is likely to be involved in a number of disease states. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has a widespread distribution in the body, and isoforms are recognized specifically constitutive and inducible (iNOS) forms. Both forms are cytosolic, Ca /calmodulin and NADPH-dependent, and inhibited by L-arginine derivatives. Induction of iNOS is by various inflammatory cytokines, particularly those stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccarides, including tumour necrosis factor a. interferon 7 and interleukin 1 p. Induction of iNOS only is inhibited by GLUCOCORTICOIDS. 

A primary mediator that was demonstrated to participate in meningitis-induced BBB dismption is nitric oxide (NO). NO is produced in response to exposure to bacterial endotoxins by the host endothelial cells. In an animal model of lipopolysaccharide-induced meningitis, BBB dismption and NO production sites in the brain co-local-ized, and NO-synthase inhibitors reduced the meningeal-associated alterations in BBB permeability. NO is likely produced by astrocytes, and it decreases endothe-lin-1 secretion by brain microvessel endothelial cells. ... 

NO is both cytostatic and cytotoxic for some pathogens, such as Plasmodium falciparum, Schistosoma mansoni, Leishmania major and Toxoplasma gondii [75]. It is generated by nitric oxide synthase that, in murine macrophages, is induced by LPS (lipopolysaccharide). During incubation of murine macrophagic cells line with LPS and oleuropein, there was a marked production of nitrites. In feet, some reported data show that oleuropein increases the response of macrophages to bacterial lipopolysaccharides, probably due to an increase in iNOS activity. 

Szabo, C., Thiemermann, C., and Vane, J. R. (1993b). Endogenous glucocorticoids supress the production of nitric oxide and prostacyclin by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Proc. R. Soc. B 253, 233-238. 

Halitosis is a common problem and originates from the oral cavity due to conditions such as poor oral hygiene, deep caries, endodontic lesions, and periodontitis. The malodor occurs as a result of bacterial metabolism of amino acids, producing compounds such as hydrogen sul de and methyl mercaptan. Hinokitiol (p thujapliciri), a component found in Cupressaceae essential oils, has demonstrated in vitro antibacterial activity against oral microorganisms (Saeki et al., 1989) and has demonstrated in vivo lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-a production (Shih et al., 2012). It has also been used to treat periodontal disease in students (Suzuki et al.,2008). 

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