Nitric neuronal

Grb-2 facilitates the transduction of an extracellular stimulus to an intracellular signaling pathway, (b) The adaptor protein PSD-95 associates through one of its three PDZ domains with the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor. Another PDZ domain associates with a PDZ domain from neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Through its interaction with PSD-95, nNOS is localized to the NMDA receptor. Stimulation by glutamate induces an influx of calcium, which activates nNOS, resulting in the production of nitric oxide. 

Three isoforms of NO synthesizing enzymes ( nitric oxide synthase (NOS)) were isolated, purified, and cloned neuronal NO synthase ( neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) or isoform (I), immunological or inducible NOS ( inducible (immunological) nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) or isoform (II), and endothelial NOS ( endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) or isoform... 

NO synthases (NOS, L-arginine, NADPH oxygen oxi-doreductases, nitric oxide forming EC 1.14.13.39) represent a family of enzymes that catalyze the formation of nitric oxide (NO) from the amino acid L-arginine. In mammals, three isoforms of NOS have been identified. They are termed neuronal NOS (nNOS, NOS I, NOS1), inducible NOS (iNOS, NOS H, NOS2), and endothelial... 

Bredt DS, Snyder SEl Nitric oxide, a novel neuronal messenger. Neuron 8 3—11, 1992 Brouette T, Anton R Clinical review of inhalants. Am J Addict 10 79-94, 2001 Brown ES, Nejtek VA, Perantie DC, et al Quetiapine in bipolar disorder and cocaine dependence. Bipolar Disord4 406 11, 2002 Bushnell PJ, Evans EIL, Palmes ED Effects of toluene inhalation on carbon dioxide production and locomotor activity in mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 5 971-977, 1983... 

Collins SE, Kantak KM Neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition decreases cocaine self-administration behavior in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 159 361-369,... 

Lonart G, Johnson KM Inhibitory effects of nitric oxide on the uptake of [3H]dopamine and [3H]glutamate by striatal synaptosomes. J Neurochem 63 2108—2117, 1994 Lovinger DM, White G Ethanol potentiation of 5-hydroxytryptamine3 receptor-mediated ion current in neuroblastoma cells and isolated adult mammalian neurons. Mol Pharmacol 40 263—270, 1991... 

Manzoni O, Prezeau L, Marin P, et al Nitric oxide-induced blockade of NMDA receptors. Neuron 8 653—662, 1992... 

Quite unexpectedly, EDRF was found to be the gas nitric oxide (NO). NO is formed by the action of the enzyme NO synthase, which is cytosolic. The endothe-hal and neuronal forms of NO synthase are activated by Ca + (Table 49-8). The substrate is arginine, and the products are citmUine and NO ... 

Zhu Y, Jones G et al (2005) Lentivirus infection causes neuroinflammation and neuronal injury in dorsal root ganglia pathogenic effects of STAT-1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. J Immunol 175(2) 1118-1126... 

After an overview of neurotransmitter systems and function and a consideration of which substances can be classified as neurotransmitters, section A deals with their release, effects on neuronal excitability and receptor interaction. The synaptic physiology and pharmacology and possible brain function of each neurotransmitter is then covered in some detail (section B). Special attention is given to acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA, noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and the peptides but the purines, histamine, steroids and nitric oxide are not forgotten and there is a brief overview of appropriate basic pharmacology. 

There is no room within the definition for nitric oxide, the prostaglandins and steroids mainly because they are not released in a controlled manner by neuronal activity and only the last are preformed. Thus if they are to be classified as NTs then the definition must be simplified so that a NT becomes ... 

The results of a number of studies demonstrate that the gas nitric oxide (NO) plays a functional role in the central nervous system. This all originated with the discovery that the so-called endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), found in blood vessels, and thought to be a peptide, was in fact NO. The potential roles of this freely diffusible gas have subsequently been extended to many other tissues and organs but we will concentrate on the possible neuronal roles of what is obviously a novel mediator. There are also suggestions that the closely related carbon monoxide may also have a function in the central nervous system. 

Hirsch, EC and Hunot, S (2000) Nitric oxide, glial cells and neuronal degeneration in Parkinsonism. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 21 163-165. 

Boje, K.M. and Arora, P.K. (1992). Microglial-produced nitric oxide and reactive nitrogen oxides mediate neuronal cell death. Brain Res. 587, 250-256. 

Hope, B.T., Michael, G.J., Knigge, K.M. and Vincent, S.R. (1991). Neuronal NADPH diaphorase is a nitric oxide synthetase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 2811-2814. 

Kulkami A., Getchell T. and Getchell M. (1994). Neuronal nitric oxide synthase is localized in extrinsic nerves regulating perireceptor processes in the chemosensory nasal mucosae of rats and humans. J Comp Neurol 345, 125-138. 

The lack of zinc can also be a problem in biological systems and is responsible for disease states. For example, nitric oxide-dependent apoptosis can be induced in motor neurons by zinc-deficient SOD, and in some cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, zinc-deficient SOD may participate in this type of oxidative mechanism involving nitric oxide.969 One form of hereditary human hair loss or alopecia was mapped to a specific gene and a mutation found in affected individuals. The gene encodes a single zinc finger transcription factor protein with restricted expression in the brain and skin.970 Zinc has been implicated in Alzheimer s via beta amyloid formation, and a role has been attributed for the cerebral zinc metabolism in the neuropathogenesis of Alzheimer s disease.971... 

In the rat retina, ischemia upregulates expression of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase and cyclo-oxygenase-2 these effects can be effectively inhibited by lutein (Choi et al., 2006). 

Bredt, D. S. Snyder, S. H. (1992). Nitric oxide, a novel neuronal messenger. Neuron 8, 3 11. 

Cavas, M. Navarro, J. F. (2006). Effects of selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition on sleep and wakefulness in the rat. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 30, 56-67. 

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