NADPH diaphorase

Neuropeptide Y. Neuropeptide Y [82785 5-3] (NPY) (255) is a 36-amiao acid peptide that is a member of a peptide family including peptide YY (PYY) [81858-94-8, 106338-42-5] (256) and pancreatic polypeptide (PPY) [59763-91-6] (257). In the periphery, NPY is present in most sympathetic nerve fibers, particulady around blood vessels and also in noradrenergic perivascular and selected parasympathetic nerves (66). Neurons containing NPY-like immunoreactivity ate abundant in the central nervous system, particulady in limbic stmctures. Coexistence with somatostatin and NADPH-diaphorase, an enzyme associated with NO synthesis, is common in the cortex and striatum. 

NADPH-diaphorase activity is the ability of an enzyme to reduce soluble tetrazolium salts to an insoluble, visible formazan. This activity is being used by many laboratories to localize NO synthase histochemically. 

Hope, B.T., Michael, G.J., Knigge, K.M. and Vincent, S.R. (1991). Neuronal NADPH diaphorase is a nitric oxide synthetase. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 88, 2811-2814. 

Alonso J., Arevalo R., Garciaojeda E., Porteros A., et al. (1995). NADPH-diaphorase active and calbindin d-28k-immunoreactive neurons and fibers in the olfactory-bulb of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus). J Comp Neurol 351, 307-327. 

Vincent, S. R., Satoh, K, Armstrong, D. M. Fibiger, H. C. (1983). NADPH-diaphorase a selective histochemical marker for the cholinergic neurons of the pontine reticular formation. Neurosci. Lett. 43, 31-6. 

Hilbig, H. Punkt, K. (1997). 24-hour rhythmicity of NADPH-diaphorase activity in the neuropil of rat visual cortex. Brain Res. Bull. 43, 337-40. 

L.L. Moroz, T.P. Norekian, T.J. Pirtle, K.J. Robertson, and R.A. Satterlie, Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase reactivity and effects of nitric oxide on feeding and locomotory circuitry in the pteropod mollusc, Clione limacina. J. Comp. Neurol. 427, 274-284 (2000). 

This enzyme [EC 1.6.99.1] (also known as old yellow enzyme and NADPH diaphorase) catalyzes the reaction of NADPH with an acceptor to produce NADP+ and... 

NAD(P)H DEHYDROGENASE (QUINONE) NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE PHENOL HYDROXYLASE PROTOCHLOROPHYLLIDE REDUCTASE SQUALENE SYNTHASE SULFITE REDUCTASE NADPH diaphorase,... 

Koh, J. Y., and Choi, D. W. (1988). Vulnerability of cultured cortical neurons to damage by endotoxins Differential susceptibility of neurons containing NADPH-diaphorase. J. Neurosci. 8, 2153-2163. 

We believe that the /3 cell is a source of nitric oxide production by human islets because (1) IL-1 and IFN-induced nitric oxide production by human macrophages has not been clearly demonstrated (2) the cytokine combination of IL-1, IFN, and TNF induces the formation of nitric oxide by human islets either freshly isolated or cultured for 7 days at 25°C (a procedure which removes 80-90% of nonendocrine cells from the islet) and also by islets cryoperserved and (3) NADPH—diaphorase staining reveals that approximately 60-70% of human islet cells treated with cytokines stain for NADPH-diaphorase (J. A. Corbett and M. L. McDaniel, unpublished data). TTiis staining procedure has been shown to colocalize with nitric oxide synthase in a number of cells including rat islets (Corbett et al., 1993c), and nitric oxide synthase has been demonstrated to contain NADPH-diaphorase enzymatic activity (Dawson et al., 1991 Hope et... 

Dawson, T. M., Bredt, D. S., Fotuhi, M., Hwang, P. M., and Snyder, S. H. (1991). Nitric oxide synthase and neuronal NADPH diaphorase are identical in brain and peripheral tissues. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88, 7797-7801. 

Lindholm, A.M., Reuter, M. and Gustafsson, M.K. (1998) The NADPH-diaphorase staining reaction in relation to the aminergic and peptidergic nervous system and the musculature of adult Diphyllobothrium dentriticum. Parasitology 11 7, 283-292. 

Tandon, V., Kar, P.K. and Saha, N. (2001) NO nerves in trematodes, too NADPH-diaphorase activity in adult Fasciolopsis buski. Parasitology International 50, 157-163. 

DOM treatment also rapidly decreases cellular GSH, which precedes neurotoxicity. This decrease is primarily due to DOM-mediated GSH efflux. DOM also induces an increase in oxidative stress as indicated by increases in ROS and lipid peroxidation products, which follow GSH efflux. Astrocytes from both genotypes are resistant to DOM-mediated neurotoxicity and present a diminished Ca2+ response to DOM-mediated toxicity (Walser et al., 2006). Exposure of neonatal rat microglia to DOM triggers the release of TNF-a and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) (Mayer et al., 2001). These molecules are involved in the modulation of neuroinflammation in brain (Farooqui et al., 2007). Collective evidence suggests that DOM-mediated neurodegeneration involves changes in cellular redox, oxidative stress, and increased expression of cytokines, nitric oxide synthase, NADPH diaphorase, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (Walser et al., 2006 Chandrasekaran et al., 2004 Ananth et al., 2003a,b Mayer et al., 2001). 

Ananth C., Dheen S. T., Gopalakrishnakone R, and Kaur C. (2003a). Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase and expression of nNOS, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDARl) and non-NMDA glutamate receptor (GlutR2) genes in the neurons of the hippocampus after domoic acid-induced lesions in adult rats. Hippocampus 13 260-272. 

The gaseous free radical nitric oxide (NO), a non-conventional neural messenger, is synthesized in neurons by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which can be revealed in histological sections by NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry or NOS immunohisto-chemistry. The role of NO in neural signaling has raised considerable interest (see, for example, Schmidt and Walter, 1994), stemming also from the finding that NOS has a discrete distribution in subsets of brain neurons, including intense expression in neuronal subsets of the striatum (Vincent, 2000). 

Johnson MD, Ma PM (1993) Localization of NADPH diaphorase activity in monoaminergic neurons of the rat brain. J Comp Neurol 552 391-406. 

L2. Laporte, F., Doussiere, J., and Vignais, P. V., Respiratory burst of rabbit peritoneal neutrophils. Transition from an NADPH diaphorase activity to an 02 (—)-generating oxidase activity. Eur. 

Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase and expression of nNOS, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDARl) and... 

Schmidt, H.H., Gagne, G.D., Nakane, M. etal. (1992). Mapping of neural nitric oxide synthase in the rat suggests frequent co-localization with NADPH diaphorase but not with soluble guanylyl cyclase, and novel paraneural functions for nitrinergic signal transduction. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 40, 1439-1456. 

Delineations assisted by consideration of separate sets of brain sections stained for parvalbumin, calbindin, calretinin, SMl-32, tyrosine hydroxylase, and NADPH diaphorase (Paxinos et al, in press [a,b]), the rat nervous system textbook (Paxinos, 1995), (Paxinos and Watson 1997), and other recent neuroanatomical literature... 

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